Solar map of India under clear sky conditions

This paper focusses on generation of solar irradiation map under clear sky conditions using r.sun model. Direct Irradiation, diffuse irradiation and global irradiation maps are plotted using programme which was developed in C language. This programme calculates different components of solar irradiation using clear sky model (r.sun). Further Surfer software was used to plot different irradiation maps. All three values (Direct Irradiation, Global Irradiation and Diffuse Irradiation) were compared by IMD values for performing statistical analysis i.e. Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and standard deviation. MBE was found within ±10%, RMSE lies within <20% and standard deviation was found to have very low value which indicated good fitting between model results and calculated values. Therefore the r.sun model is good model and can be used for computing solar irradiation for India.     

Patterning a π-conjugated polyelectrolyte through sequential polymerization of a bifunctional ionic liquid monomer

An electronically conductive polyelectrolyte is prepared by the sequential polymerization of a bifunctional imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) monomer, composed of a thienyl and vinyl containing cation paired with a tetrafluoroborate anion. In the first step, potentiodynamic electropolymerization of the thienyl moiety forms a cationic polyalkylthiophene that is soluble in select organic solvents. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the polymer p-doping potential (0.31 V) and the bipolaronic state (1.49 V). The polymer exhibits electrochromism, converting from red in the neutral state (λ_max = 443 nm) to dark blue in the polaronic state (λ_max = 819 nm). The solution-processable polymer can be cast into a film, masked and patterned by UV-initiated free radical polymerization of the vinyl moiety. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that the insoluble crosslinked polyalkylthiophene–polyvinylimidazolium adopts a lamellar structure with a lattice spacing of 3.3 nm. Four-probe d.c. conductivity measurements determined the de-doped electrical conductivity was 1.0 × 10⁻² S/cm. The results underscore the importance of the anion in controlling the polymerization of IL monomers.     

双亲性聚合物调理剂在护发素中的应用研究

研究了双亲性聚合物作为调理剂成分在无硅油护发素中的应用。以溶液自由基聚合法合成了双亲性无规聚合物聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)。利用阳离子表面活性剂山嵛基三甲基氯化铵与聚合物之间的阳离子-π电子作用,将双亲性无规共聚物聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)吸附到头发表面起到顺滑作用。通过调节聚合物中苯环与山嵛基三甲基氯化铵的摩尔比、山嵛基三甲基氯化铵的浓度以及使用量,制备具有优异梳理性能的护发素,对护发素效果进行评价,并与含硅护发素进行比较。结果表明:最优条件下,双亲性聚合物在头发上的残留量为102μg/g头发;在护发素中添加双亲聚合物后能够显著改善湿梳理性能,其湿梳性优于市售含硅护发素;经护发素处理后的头发毛鳞片规整、无翘起,且双亲聚合物在头发上无累积效应。     

一种Ka波段低相噪GaAs HBT压控振荡器

本文研究了一种采用GaAs HBT工艺实现的工作在Ka波段的压控振荡器。该振荡器采用共射级组态和对称式电容电感谐振腔结构以降低其相位噪声,采用π型反馈网络补偿180°相移。在片测试结果表明：偏离中心频率1 MHz处相位噪声为-96.47dBc/Hz,调谐范围为28.312到28.695GHz,在-6V电源电压下该振荡器直流功耗为18mA,振荡器芯片面积为0.7mm×0.7mm。     

2,2-Dicyanovinyl-end-capped oligothiophenes as electron acceptor in solution processed bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells

Three 2,2-dicyanovinyl (DCV) end-capped A-π-D-π-A type oligothiophenes (DCV-OTs) containing dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole (DTSi), cyclopenta[1,2-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene (DTCP) or dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTPy) unit as the central donor part, mono-thiophene as the π-conjugation bridge were synthesized. The absorption spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry of these compounds were characterized. Results showed that all these compounds have intensive absorption band over 500–680 nm with a LUMO energy level around −3.80 eV, which is slightly higher than that of [6,6]phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₁BM, E_LUMO = −4.01 eV), but lower than that of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT, E_LUMO = −2.91 eV). Solution processed bulk heterojunction “all-thiophene” solar cells using P3HT as electron donor and the above mentioned oligothiophenes as electron acceptor were fabricated and tested. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.31% was achieved for DTSi-cored compound DTSi(THDCV)₂, whereas PTB7:DTSi(THDCV)₂ based device showed slightly higher PCE of 1.56%. Electron mobilities of these three compounds were measured to be around 10⁻⁵ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ by space charge limited current method, which is much lower than that of PC₆₁BM, and was considered as one of the reason for the low photovoltaic performance.     

Synergistic enhancement of π-electron density in graphitic carbon nitride for significantly improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation

In this work, a synergistic strategy integrated elemental doping and defect engineering has been developed to modulate the electronic and bandgap structure of g-C₃N₄ by controlling its conjugated aromatic system. Experimental analysis and theoretical calculations con?rm that the generation of imbalanced spatial distributions of charge carriers not only greatly increases the π-electron availability, but also decreases the energy barrier for hydrogen adsorption due to the synergistic effect of the high valence electron of the W dopant and the decreased electronegativity by two-coordinated nitrogen defects, which strengthens the charge transfer efficiency and favors the light capturing capability. The combined bene?ts of the electronic, optical and textural modification lead to a signi?cant improvement of photocatalytic activity of 3.3 mmol h^?1 g^?1 for hydrogen evolution under λ ≥ 400 nm light irradiation, about twentyfold enhancement than that of pristine g-C₃N₄. Such proposed synergistic strategy provides a promising route to promote the performance of g-C₃N₄ for potential applications in solar energy conversion.     

Ethylthio-substituted sandwich phthalocyaninato europium (III) semiconductors for sensing NO2 and NH3: Effect of the extended π-conjugate systems on tuning the conductivity and sensing behavior

By using the π-conjugated phthalocyanine macrocycle as the versatile building block, a series of five sandwich-type ethylthio substituted phthalocyaninato europium complexes, namely double-decker Eu[Pc(SC₂H₅)₈]₂ (Pc-1), triple-decker Eu₂[Pc(SC₂H₅)₈]₃ (Pc-2), and their corresponding dimers, [Pc(SC₂H₅)₈]₂Eu₂[BiPc(SC₂H₅)₁₂] (Pc-1@Pc-1), [Pc(SC₂H₅)₈]₃Eu₃[BiPc(SC₂H₅)₁₂] (Pc-1@Pc-2) and [Pc(SC₂H₅)₈]₄Eu₄[BiPc(SC₂H₅)₁₂] (Pc-2@Pc-2), are synthesized and prepared into the solution-processed films by a simple quasi-Langmuir-Shäfer (QLS) method. Combination between the extending π-conjugated system in the longitudinal and transverse directions of Pc macrocycles and/or radical nature of Pc-1 unit among different semiconducting molecules result in unusually small energy gaps (0.345–0.91 eV). Consequently, all of the semiconductors exhibit excellent conductivities. Among these materials, the conductivity for the radical species Pc-1@Pc-1, Pc-1@Pc-2 and Pc-1 is about 3–4 times larger than that for the non-radical compounds Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2. Moreover, the QLS films of five semiconductors take excellent linear responses for both oxidizing NO₂ (100–300 ppb) and reducing NH₃ (4–8.6 ppm). Respectively, the sensitivity (in % ppm⁻¹) gets increased in the order of Pc-1 < Pc-2 < Pc-1@Pc-1 < Pc-1@Pc-2 < Pc-2@Pc-2 for NO₂, and Pc-1@Pc-2 < Pc-1 < Pc-1@Pc-1 < Pc-2@Pc-2 < Pc-2 for NH₃. Depending on the highly extended π-conjugated systems, Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2 films achieve the highest sensitivity of 208.2% ppm⁻¹ and 0.97% ppm⁻¹ to NO₂ and NH₃, respectively. In addition, with a less than 2 min response time within a limit of detection at 10 ppb for NO₂ and 0.48 ppm for NH₃, good reproducibility and selectivity have been revealed for the Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2 films among the best gas sensors obtained so far for all the solution-processed films based on organic semiconductors in dry air at room temperature. More importantly, it is firstly demonstrated that the high NO₂ sensing is resulted from low Oxd₁, and high NH₃ sensing is resulted from high Red₁ among the sandwich Pc-based semiconductors.     

Thieno[2,3-b]indole-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: Effect of π-linker on the performance of isolated dye and interface between dyes and TiO2

A series of novel D-π-A type organic dyes with different π-linker are theoretically designed and investigated for their potential applications in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We mainly focused on the influence of the extension of π-linker on the overall efficiency. The discussions are classified into two aspects: one is the isolated dyes and the other is the dye-TiO₂ system. The calculated results indicate that the isolated dyes THI-2T-C, THI-4T-3C, and THI-6T-5C have the better overall efficiency. Further, the THI-4T-3C and THI-5T-4C have the acceptable performance if the dye-TiO₂ system is considered. Combination of the isolated and the adsorbed systems, the THI-4T-3C with the moderate π-linker is considered to be more suitable choice for thieno[2,3-b]indole-based dyes rather than the longest π-linker.     

石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备及结构表征

制备了含羟基的三亚苯衍生物,2,3,6,7,10,11-六（10′-羟基癸氧基）三亚苯（HHDTP）。利用核磁共振（1H-NMR）对其结构进行了表征。通过Hummers法制备了氧化石墨（GO）。通过三亚苯基团与石墨烯片层之间强烈的π-π相互作用,在GO还原为石墨烯的过程中将HHDTP与石墨烯复合,得到了一种新型纳米复合...     

Application of the parametric for mulae for electromagnetic showers in unconverted γ/π~0 discrimination

In the LHC experiment, the neutral pions produced during jet fragmentation are the background sources for all physics channels with high-energy photons in their final state. In this paper, the application of the three-dimensional parametric formula for el