Fluctuations and waves in fluidized bed systems: The influence of the air-supply system

A general model of the response of a fluidized bed to disturbances is formulated, and the information provided by the model with respect to the dynamics of the bed, the bed plus the air-plenum and the bed plus the entire air-supply system, is investigated. Expressions given in literature on the fundamental frequency of the bed-plenum system are analyzed, and it is shown that they are a special case of the general model. In order to simulate various types of interaction between the bed and the rest of the system, experiments were performed in a cold fluidized bed unit operated under both non-circulating and circulating conditions. At low velocity, three regimes were identified: the multiple bubble regime with almost no interaction between bed and air-plenum, the single bubble regime with the interaction between bed and air-plenum only, and a regime with numerous irregular bubbles, where the bed interacted with the entire air-supply system. At high fluidization velocity, the exploding bubble regime was identified, with the same dominant frequency as that of the single bubble regime (the interaction with the air-supply system remains at that frequency). The models investigated correctly reproduce the dynamics when the bed is independent of the other parts of the system, or when the bed interacts only with the air-plenum. However, the models are only partially applicable when the bed interacts with the entire air-supply system. The reasons for this are investigated. In the case of system interaction, pressure waves, generated in the bed, interact with pressure pulsations from the air-supply system. This results in a coupled system, which is not covered by the models. Pressure waves resulting from events in the bed, are recognized as the coherent part of the cross power spectra of pressure fluctuations measured in the bed and the air-plenum.     

Conceptual damage-sensitive features for structural health monitoring: Laboratory and field demonstrations

The use of damage-sensitive features to evaluate structural condition or health is a very critical aspect of structural health monitoring. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of two different damage-sensitive features for detecting damage. Different damage scenarios are simulated on a large-scale laboratory structure and a three-span highway bridge for demonstration. The features presented in this paper are the modal flexibility-based deflection and curvature both of which are obtained directly from dynamic properties. In the literature, flexibility associated with mode shapes and mode shapes curvatures have been mostly explored. In this study, multi-input–multi-output dynamic data are used to obtain modal flexibility, which is a close approximation to the actual flexibility. A main novelty is that the curvature is calculated from the deflected shapes using the modal flexibility as opposed to using modal vectors. In this paper, the theory of the methodology is explained and then experimental studies and results are presented. For the experimental studies, the laboratory specimen and the three-span bridge were gradually damaged. It is shown that both deflection and curvature are conceptual and physically meaningful features for damage detection and localization. The issues and the requirements for these features to perform successfully are also presented.     

Dynamics Modelling of Hexaslides using the Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement Matrices

In this paper, dynamic model of a class of parallel systems, namely, the hexaslides, is proposed. The model developed is based on the concept the decoupled natural orthogonal complement (DeNOC) matrices, introduced elsewhere. The dynamic model of hexslides, though complex due to the existence of multi-loop kinematic chains, is required for actuator power estimation, computed-torque control, optimum tool trajectory generation, etc. The use of DeNOC offers many physical interpretations, recursive algorithms, and parallel computations. Using the proposed dynamic model, a parallel inverse dynamics algorithm has been presented to compute the actuator forces. This is useful to choose suitable motors for an application. An illustration is provided using an existing machine tool based on hexaslides, namely, the HexaM, while it is carrying out a circular contouring. Secondly, the effect of leg and slider inertias is also studied, which clearly suggests that neither of these can be neglected while finding the actuator forces.     

低价硫化铝法从氧化铝直接炭还原制铝的动力学研究

低价硫化铝法从氧化铝直接炭还原制铝的动力学过程极为复杂,过程的前期受界面化学反应控制,过程后期受扩散过程控制,并求得不同时期的活化能,反应前期:E1=63.81 kJ/mol(6.67 Pa)、E2=50.82 kJ/mol(66.7 Pa)、E3=54.72 kJ/mol(666.7 Pa)、E4=39.61 kJ/mol(1333 Pa);反应后期:E*1=112.90 kJ/mol(6.67 Pa)、E*2=89.92 kJ/mol(66.7 Pa)、E*3=97.32 kJ/mol(666.7 Pa)、E*4=51.83 kJ/mol(1333 Pa).从动力学的角度提出了反应的较佳条件.温度、真空度的提高一方面可增大反应速率,但另一方面却加大了硫化铝的挥发,仅从增大速率而言,温度应大于1100 ℃,真空度应优于1333 Pa为宜.     

新型气动溢流阀及其动态特性的仿真分析

本文在介绍一种新型气动溢流阀的基础上,运用计算机仿真技术研究该阀的动态特性,建立了气动溢流阀的基本动态微分方程,采用数值方法求解方程,并把仿真结果用于指导气动溢流阀的设计,得到了满意的效果。     

Cable-direct-driven-robot (CDDR) with a 3-link passive serial support

Cable-direct-driven-robots (CDDRs) provided with a passive serial support represent an interesting and rising evolution of planar cable robots. The paper is devoted to present and analyze a novel CDDR robot. The robot consists in a fully actuated CDDR supported against loading normal to the motion plane with a 3-link passive planar serial manipulator. This hybrid structure combines positive features of both parallel and serial architectures, and prevents out-of-plane movements without the necessity for the robot to be supported on the motion plane. The adoption of a 3-link serial manipulator ensures a greater workspace area compared with similar structures that adopt a smaller number of links, and improves specific characteristics of their dynamics. Nevertheless undesired oscillations may occur since the serial manipulator is underconstrained. For this reason damping elements are inserted in the structure. Simulation examples are presented to demonstrate the novel CDDR concept and its dynamics. In addition, a strategy to select proper values of damping coefficients is presented.     

非晶态NiB配位催化2-亚丁基环己酮的选择加氢动力学研究

以超细非晶态NiB为催化剂、乙醇为溶剂 ,研究了常压条件下 2 -亚丁基环己酮的选择催化氢化反应。确定了反应对 2 -亚丁基环己酮的反应级数n =1,80℃下准一级反应的速率常数为k =3.4× 10 -3 min-1。同时考察了氢化过程中外扩散的影响以及温度、催化剂用量对反应的影响。求得反应的活化能Ea =16 .391kJ/mol。     

Fear Appeals,Message Processing Cues,and Credibility in the Websites of Violent,Ideological, and Nonideological Groups

Ideological groups use the Internet to deliver their messages unhindered by the constraints of traditional media. We examined how ideological groups promote their worldview through their websites. Using the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), this research used trained coders to examine the websites of nonideological groups (n = 37), nonviolent ideological groups (n = 36), and violent ideological groups (n = 32) for credibility, persuasion processing cues, and interactivity factors. Results of this study found that the websites of violent ideological groups use more fear appeals, were less interactive, and were the least credible of the 3 groups. All 3 groups used more central cues than peripheral suggesting they focused on evidence for their arguments rather than emotion.     

活性污泥法处理污水两个重要参数的理论探讨

负荷、泥龄是活性污泥法处理城市污水设计、运行中的重要参数.给出了有机负荷的动力学表达形式(称之为动力学负荷),并对有机负荷和泥龄的关系,有机负荷和泥龄对水质、污泥沉降性能影响进行了理论探讨.     

ATOMISTIC MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF GAS DIFFUSION AND SOLUBILITY IN RUBBERY AMORPHOUS HYDROCARBON POLYMERS

Diffusion coefficients D of H 2 , He, O 2 , N 2 , and CO 2 in different rubbery amorphous polymeric matrices were estimated by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at 298 K using the Einstein relationship, and compared with the relevant experimental values, where available. The simulated diffusion coefficients D of all the gases in all polymers considered almost regularly decreased with increasing molecular gas volumes and increasing polymer glass transition temperature. Further, solubility coefficients and heats of solution were obtained for all gases from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations, which were also used to calculate sorption isotherms. In general, there is a good agreement between experimental and simulated values of diffusion and solubility coefficients for all gases considered.