能源监管领域违法所得法律内涵和认定方式浅析

能源行业法律法规设置了“没收违法所得”行政处罚方式,但违法所得这一概念还存在很多模糊认识,具体认定方式也需要进一步明确。在不同行政机关对违法所得的法律概念存在较大分歧时,能源监管领域应遵循违法所得固有含义和立法原意,结合能源行业的基本特点,采取利润说观点定义违法所得概念,并以全部收人扣减合理支出方式进行计算。     

Visual and manual loadings with QWERTY-like ambiguous keyboards: Relevance of letter-key assignments on mobile phones

Mobile phone touchscreens have many ergonomic problems related to text entry. Previous studies, which attempted to use ambiguous keyboards to resolve problem of small keys, focused on the disambiguation process without consideration of the user loading on graphic user interface. This study investigates user loadings, which interfere with performance in the key selection phase when using an ambiguous keyboard. Hence, three QWERTY-like ambiguous keyboards and a standard QWERTY keyboard were compared via visual search and manual operation experiments. The visual search experiment shows that layouts with many letters per key were strongly related to long visual search times, and layouts with large keys were operated faster and more accurately in the manual operation experiment. Consequently, the trade-off between visual and manual loading differed among different letter-key assignments. This study is important in that it elucidates the impacts of visual and manual loadings on ambiguous keyboards, as well as in providing user interface designers with an enhanced understanding of how to design ambiguous keyboards based on user criteria.Relevance to industryAmbiguous keyboard designs in previous studies were generally far from the actual needs of users. This study examines the factors affecting text entry performance of users via the user-centered approach, improving the understanding of designers.     

提升“思想道德修养与法律基础”课堂魅力的方法探析

"思想道德修养与法律基础"课程是高校思想政治理论课的重要组成部分。把基础课课堂魅力作为研究内容,通过课堂观察法和自身授课经验总结法,对影响基础课课堂魅力的因素进行分析,发现教师自身和教学方式是主要影响因素。提升基础课教师自身魅力和教学方式魅力可有效解决基础课课堂实效性差等问题,为顺利实现教学目标,有效发挥思想政治教育作用奠定基础。     

Autonome Maschinen oder komplexe Automaten – wer ist für Algorithmen verantwortlich?

One of the fundamental questions discussed in the course of the development towards Industry 4.0 is that of responsibility for machines. The inner-juridical discussion of this issue suffers from the unclear concept of artificial intelligence and the fascination about the creation of very high technical performance while lightning-fast access to a huge amount of information or the determination of previously undiscovered correlations between individual phenomena is no indication of the appearance of the superhuman. Technicians, on the other hand, are confused about the differentiations by which lawyers approach the question of responsibility. This article aims at bridging the gap in order to strengthen the interdisciplinary dialogue.     

Reassessing the Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers through the lens of reciprocity

ABSTRACT

In spite of groundwater’s growing importance, the 2008 Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers have yet to be fully adopted by the international community. As states contemplate the future of the draft articles, this article aims to reassess them through the lens of the legal principle of reciprocity. To do so, this article provides a framework for the analysis of law via reciprocity, followed by its application to the draft articles. Although this article primarily finds that they follow a reciprocal structure, it also identifies areas to be revisited, including sovereignty and recharge zone states.     

固定资产折旧会计与税法处理的差异分析

新企业会计准则和新《企业所得税法》的实施,就固定资产折旧而言,会计折旧与税法折旧间的差异十分明显。该文从固定资产折旧范围的差异、折旧方法的差异、残值确定的差异、折旧年限的差异、减值损失确认的差异和弃置费用的差异六个方面加以分析。     

紫外／可见分光光度法在环境样品分析中的应用

文章介绍了现代紫外／可见分光光度法的特性及其在环境样品分析中的应用，并介绍了一些应用实例。     

认识服务的商品属性加快企业后勤改革

用马克思主义价值法则和市场经济理论，分析了国有企业后勤改革必须遵循商品交换法则，运用价值规律进行调节，以适应市场经济的客观要求。     

模糊聚类法在水环境质量评价中的应用

模糊聚类法通过数据标准化、平移及极差变换、确定最佳阈值和求解动态聚类图.该算法在长江芜湖段水环境质量评价中的应用,以选取对长江芜湖段水质影响较大的7个指标并建立其模糊相似矩阵,根据实测浓度值确定各因子的权重,结果可行.     

The Riverside and Berwyn experience: Contrasts in landscape structure, perceptions of the urban landscape, and their effects on people

Humans not only structure the landscape through their activities, but their perceptions of nature are affected by the spatial and temporal arrangements (structure) in the landscape. Our understanding of these interactions, however, is limited. We explored the relationship between landscape structure and peoples’ perceptions of nature in the Chicago, IL, USA, suburbs of Riverside and Berwyn because they offer contrasting paradigms of an urban landscape. Designed in the 1800s by Frederick Law Olmsted, Riverside has several unique design elements (curvilinear streets, ample setbacks, parkways of variable width with mowed grass and naturalistic groupings of trees) that define the structure and composition of this landscape. The urban forest was the keystone of Olmsted's desire to create a harmonious community characterized by “refined sylvan beauty”. In contrast, the adjacent community of Berwyn has right-angled streets with small lots and narrow setbacks for houses. Differences in landscape structure between the two communities produced differences in the diversity, size, and composition of woody vegetation. As measured by patch-size distribution, Riverside had greater diversity in landscape structure than Berwyn, and in turn, Riverside had greater diversity in the composition and size of the woody vegetation compared to Berwyn. Riverside tended toward a “natural” appearance with vegetation, while yards in Berwyn tended to be trimmed and edged. Significant differences between the mean ratings of Riverside and Berwyn respondents were found for six of seven community attribute categories. Riverside participants reported receiving greater benefit from the visual and nature-related features of the urban forest than did Berwyn respondents. Berwyn residents ranked social atmosphere for the community and locomotion (wayfinding) highest among the seven community attribute categories. Despite differences between the two communities, residents valued the green residential environment provided by vegetation. However, the more diverse urban landscape as measured by built structures, woody vegetation, and lot size and shape proved to be more satisfying to the residents of these two communities. The design concepts developed and implemented by Olmsted more than century ago in Riverside are still relevant to city planners striving to develop living environments that are satisfying to urban and suburban residents.