略论城市中心区交通改善策略与道路交叉口交通改善设计

本文针对我国城市中心区交叉口存在的交通问题,在分析交通特性的基础上,提出中心区交叉口宏观和微观相结合改善思路,从交通需求管理、道路资源的整合以及交通与土地利用关系三个方面提出中心区宏观交通改善策略,微观上从网络系统、交叉口以及交叉口周边土地利用三个方面提出相应的改善措施。     

广州国际会议展览中心标志系统设计

以广州国际会议展览中心标志系统的设计为例,对设计手法及理念进行了探讨,希望能对今后类似设施的设计有所启迪。     

Lesson learned from the application of intersection safety devices in Edmonton

The City of Edmonton began its intersection safety device (ISD) program in 2009 with the installation of 50 cameras throughout the city. The ISDs are approach-specific and combine automated enforcement of red-light running and speed violations during the red and green phases of the intersection control. The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety performance of ISDs within the city of Edmonton, Canada and to identify factors that can lead to successful selection of future ISD sites. A before-and-after Empirical Bayes (EB) method is used to account for regression-to-the-mean and other confounding factors. A safety performance function and yearly calibration factors are developed using data from a set of reference intersections within Edmonton. The before-and-after analysis is applied at the overall intersection level and for each approach of the ISD intersections. The results showed significant reductions that ranged from 12% to 25% for total collisions, and from 33% to 43% for angle collisions. No significant reduction was observed for severe collisions at the intersection level, however significant reductions were found at the approach level at locations with a relatively higher collision history. The impact of site selection criteria on collision reduction was also evaluated. Greater reductions were found at sites with a higher collision frequency. Additionally, the impact of intersection characteristics on collision reduction was investigated. Speed limits, presence of separated right turn lane and the number of lanes were found to impact ISD collision reduction.     

Drivers’ eye movements as a function of collision avoidance warning conditions in red light running scenarios

The intersection collision avoidance warning systems (ICAWSs) have substantial potentials in improving driving performance and reducing the number and severity of intersection collisions, through helping drivers timely detect hazardous conflicting vehicles in precrash scenarios. However, the influences of ICAWS on drivers’ visual performance have barely been discussed. This study focuses on exploring the patterns in drivers’ eye movements as a function of ICAWS’s warning conditions in red light running scenarios based on a driving simulation experiment. Two types of speech warning conditions including warning timings (varied form 2.5 s to 5.5 s) and directional information (with or without) are examined, and the no-warning condition is the baseline. The results revealed that more subjects would be likely to benefit from the ICWAS under the earlier warning timings. The warning condition of 4.5 s ahead of a collision had the best effectiveness in terms of visual performances. Under such a warning timing, drivers had shorter fixation duration and higher frequency of searching for the red light running (RLR) vehicles. Compared to the warning condition without directional information, the directional warning information could capture drivers’ attention more efficiently, help driver direct fixations toward the RLR vehicles more quickly and lead to more scanning activities. Compared to female drivers, male drivers had more scanning activities when approaching intersections, detected the RLR vehicles more quickly and were more likely to avoid the RLR collisions. Besides, the experiment results indicated that the female drivers were more inclined to trust the warning information and got more benefits from the RLR-ICAWS in terms of the crash risk reduction rate than male drivers. Finally, the conclusions lead the way toward warning condition design recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the RLR-ICAWSs.     

Landscaping of highway medians and roadway safety at unsignalized intersections

Well-planted and maintained landscaping can help reduce driving stress, provide better visual quality, and decrease over speeding, thus improving roadway safety. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Standard Index (SI-546) is one of the more demanding standards in the U.S. for landscaping design criteria at highway medians near intersections. The purposes of this study were to (1) empirically evaluate the safety results of SI-546 at unsignalized intersections and (2) quantify the impacts of geometrics, traffic, and landscaping design features on total crashes and injury plus fatal crashes. The studied unsignalized intersections were divided into (1) those without median trees near intersections, (2) those with median trees near intersections that were compliant with SI-546, and (3) those with median trees near intersections that were non-compliant with SI-546. A total of 72 intersections were selected, for which five-year crash data from 2006–2010 were collected.The sites that were compliant with SI-546 showed the best safety performance in terms of the lowest crash counts and crash rates. Four crash predictive models—two for total crashes and two for injury crashes—were developed. The results indicated that improperly planted and maintained median trees near highway intersections can increase the total number of crashes and injury plus fatal crashes at a 90% confidence level; no significant difference could be found in crash rates between sites that were compliant with SI-546 and sites without trees. All other conditions remaining the same, an intersection with trees that was not compliant with SI-546 had 63% more crashes and almost doubled injury plus fatal crashes than those at intersections without trees. The study indicates that appropriate landscaping in highway medians near intersections can be an engineering technology that not only improves roadway environmental quality but also maintains intersection safety.     

A LIBRARY FOR DOING POLYHEDRAL OPERATIONS

Abstract

The design and implementation of a library of C-code procedures to perform operations on rational polyhedra is described. The library supports intersection, union, difference, simplification in context, convex hull, affine image, affine preimage, and computation of dual forms. Since not all of these functions are closed over polyhedra, the library is extended to operate on finite unions of polyhedra. The major design decisions made during the implementation of the library are discussed. The data structure used for representing finite unions of polyhedra is developed and validity rules for the representation of polyhedra are derived. And finally, the algorithms used to implement the various functions in the library are presented.     

八叉树矿体块状模型及其在三道庄露天矿的应用

矿体块状模型广泛应用于品位、储量计算,也可用于露天矿最终开采境界优化和开采计划优化。在研究了八叉树存储结构和基于分离轴的OBB相交测试理论的基础上,提出首先应用八叉树对矿体三维空间进行块状划分,将矿体用一系列的小单元块来逼近,然后利用OBB理论检测单元块与矿体边界的空间关系,对相交单元块进行细分,利用点在多面体内外判断确保块状模型约束在表面模型内,从而以最佳状态逼近矿体边界。最后运用该方法建立了三道庄露天矿矿体块状模型。该方法快速有效,能够满足矿山生产设计需求。     

Using covariance intersection for change detection in remote sensing images

In this paper, an unsupervised change detection technique for remote sensing images ac-quired on the same geographical area but at different time instances is proposed by conducting Co-variance Intersection (CI) to perform unsupervised fusion of the final fuzzy partition matrices from the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering for the feature space by applying compressed sampling to the given remote sensing images. The proposed approach exploits a CI-based data fusion of the membership function matrices, which are obtained by taking the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering of the fre-quency-domain feature vectors and spatial-domain feature vectors, aimed at enhancing the unsuper-vised change detection performance. Compressed sampling is performed to realize the image local feature sampling, which is a signal acquisition framework based on the revelation that a small collection of linear projections of a sparse signal contains enough information for stable recovery. The experi-mental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a good change detection results and also performs quite well on denoising purpose.     

偏斜交圆柱圆锥表面展开图计算机绘制数模原理

分析了轴线偏斜交的圆柱与圆锥相对位置关系,建立了偏斜交圆柱、圆锥表面展开图及相贯曲线绘制的数学模型,并编制了通用计算机绘图程序,给出计算机绘制的展开图样例。     

Behavioral adaptation of young and older drivers to an intersection crossing advisory system

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) provided information about the right of way regulation and safety to cross an upcoming intersection. Effects were studied in a longer-term study involving 18 healthy older drivers between the ages of 65 and 82 years and 18 healthy young drivers between the ages of 20 and 25 years. Participants repeatedly drove 25 km city routes in eight sessions on separate days over a period of two months in a driving simulator. In each age group, participants were randomly assigned to the control (no ADAS) and treatment (ADAS) group. The control group completed the whole experiment without the ADAS. The treatment group drove two sessions without (sessions 1 and 7) and six times with ADAS. Results indicate effects of ADAS on driving safety for young and older drivers, as intersection time and percentage of stops decreased, speed and critical intersection crossings increased, the number of crashes was lower for treatment groups than for control groups. The implications of results are discussed in terms of behavioral adaptation and safety.