中美典型高压页岩气藏钻井提速技术对比与启示

美国Haynesville高压页岩气气藏与中国长宁—威远国家级页岩气示范区下志留统龙马溪组高压页岩气藏的地质、钻井条件最为类似,前者的钻井提速技术思路对于我国页岩气快速钻井也具有重要的参考借鉴意义。为了实现我国页岩气藏的钻井提速,通过对比中国和美国典型高压页岩气藏钻井提速技术,分析探讨了上述两个气藏在钻井提速技术方面的异同点。研究结果表明:①目前美国Haynesville等页岩气藏已将水平段井眼尺寸从215.9 mm缩小到171.5 mm或161.1 mm,单井钻井投资降低超过25%,节能减排优势明显;②美国同行采用的"高效钻头+配套井下提速工具+钻井参数优化软件/装备"的硬研磨性难钻地层系统化钻井提速技术,值得国内重视、借鉴、攻关、应用;③"控压钻井+降密度"钻井技术能够在高压页岩层段钻井提速中起到至关重要的提速应用效果。结论认为,应积极在国内国家级页岩气示范区开展缩小井身结构尺寸及其相关的钻井配套装备、工具、软件的应用探索试验;在目的层段值得持续探索、优化、应用控压钻井技术。     

Orthogonal ligation to spherical polymeric microparticles: Modular approaches for surface tailoring

Modular ligation strategies for the functionalization of polymeric microspheres provide new perspectives for their applications in material science. In the current trend article we highlight variable synthetic procedures for generating functional microspheres via orthogonal modular conjugation chemistries. An overview of the different surface chemistries available is provided, followed by surface-sensitive characterization techniques relevant for the microparticles. Finally, we explore future trends in modular orthogonal modification approaches on microparticles and provide an outlook on the perspectives that the field of surface-modification of polymeric microparticles holds.     

Interpolymer radical coupling: A toolbox complementary to controlled radical polymerization

The current review focuses on the relevance and practical benefit of interpolymer radical coupling methods. The latter are developing rapidly and constitute a perfectly complementary macromolecular engineering toolbox to the controlled radical polymerization techniques (CRP). Indeed, all structures formed by CRP are likely to be prone to radical coupling reactions, which multiply the available synthetic possibilities. Basically, the coupling systems can be divided in two main categories. The first one, including the atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), silane radical atom abstraction (SRAA) and cobalt-mediated radical coupling (CMRC), relies on the recombination of macroradicals produced from a dormant species. The second one, including atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC), single electron transfer nitroxide radical coupling (SETNRC), enhanced spin capturing polymerization (ESCP) and nitrone/nitroso mediated radical coupling (NMRC), makes use of a radical scavenger in order to promote the conjugation of the polymer chains. More than a compilation of macromolecular engineering achievements, the present review additionally aims to emphasize the particularities, synthetic potential and present limitations of each system.     

Performance prediction of hard rock Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) in difficult ground

Performance prediction of TBMs is an essential part of project scheduling and cost estimation. This process involves a good understanding of the complexities in the site geology, machine specification, and site management. Various approaches have been used over the years to estimate TBM performance in a given ground condition, many of them were successful and within an acceptable range, while some missing the actual machine performance by a notable margin. Experience shows that the best approach for TBM performance prediction is to use various models to examine the range of estimated machine penetration and advance rates and choose a rate that best represents the working conditions that is closest to the setting of the model used for the estimation. This allows the engineers to avoid surprises and to identify the parameters that could dominate machine performance in each case. This paper reviews the existing models for performance prediction of TBMs and some of the ongoing research on developing better models for improved accuracy of performance estimate and increasing TBM utilization.     

钻井液提速剂性能研究

影响机械钻速因素比较多而且复杂,钻井液因素只是其中之一.实践证明,钻井液的密度、固相含量、失水量及滤液性质、粘附性、润滑性和亚微米颗粒含量明显影响机械钻速.通过添加钻井液提速剂来增强钻井液某些功能以提高机械钻速是简单有效的措施之一,提速剂主要通过快速吸附作用以增强钻井液的防粘附聚结能力、钻井液滤液渗透能力、润滑能力以及...     

欠平衡钻井溢流风险分析方法

川渝地区采用欠平衡钻井技术提速效果明显,但在钻进过程中,易发生发现气层后关井不及时,压井循环排气套压过高的问题。对欠平衡钻井溢流风险进行评估,可以为每口欠平衡井制订安全预案提供理论依据。为此,利用实钻资料,对欠平衡钻井潜在的溢流风险进行了分析,提出了欠平衡钻井前开展溢流风险分析的方法。其核心是：根据欠平衡井钻遇的地层特性,预测不同欠压值下的地层出气量,再通过压井计算确定循环排气时的最大套压值,最后判定允许的溢流量及关井时间。以四川盆地合川构造的合川X井为实例进行了计算,计算结果与实钻结果相符,证明上述欠平衡钻井溢流风险分析方法是切实可行的,并提出了控制欠平衡钻井溢流风险的对策与措施。通过分析欠平衡钻井溢流风险、规范欠平衡操作、明确施工细节,可以确保及时发现溢流、及时关井、严格控制溢流量,进而实现快速安全钻井。     

适合柯柯亚区块的PDC钻头优化设计与现场应用

柯柯亚区块是吐哈油田2009年的主要开发区块之一,针对该区块地层岩石强度高、研磨性高、夹层多、倾角大的特点,优化设计了一种个性化钻头——?215.9 mm七刀翼M433PDC钻头,该钻头拥有浅锥轮廓的冠部形状、螺旋刀翼、高密度布齿、合适的后倾角（10~15°）及灵活性较强的非对称布置喷嘴和深水道布置的水力结构设计等特点。在柯19-10井的试验钻进过程中,在降低钻井周期、提高平均机械钻速（157%）、缩短复杂时效等方面取得了较为理想的效果,达到了降低钻井成本、提高综合经济效益的目的。     

Fast and efficient synthesis of high molecular weight poly(epsilon‐caprolactone) diols by microwave‐assisted polymer synthesis

Because of advantageous features such as shorter reaction times, greater yields, limited generation of by‐products and relatively easy and straightforward scale‐up, microwave‐assisted synthesis has become a very appealing tool in organic synthesis. Conversely, its implementation in the context of the synthesis of biomaterials for biopharmaceutical applications has been more limited. The present work reports on the fast and efficient microwave‐assisted synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐initiated poly(ε‐caprolactone) diols (PCL) by the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone using stannous octanoate as catalyst. Since the PEG content in the synthesized copolymers was extremely low (0.2–1.9%), products were highly hydrophobic and displayed the intrinsic thermal properties of pure PCL. As opposed to the more time‐consuming conventional thermally‐driven synthesis that usually demands 2–3 h, the microwave technique resulted in intermediate to high molecular weight PEG‐PCL derivatives within 10–15 min. The influence of different parameters affecting the synthetic process, namely monomer‐to‐initiator ratio, reaction time, catalyst concentration and the presence, type, and concentration of solvent were thoroughly investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

XC—82型液力旋冲钻具和配套钻头研制及应用

大庆油田山地的岩性一般是青石板、砾石，在泥土和细沙中所用的三翼刮刀钻头在山地钻炮眼时很容易损坏，且机械钻速大大降低了。针对这一问题，大庆物探公司研制出XC-82型液力旋冲钻具及配套钻头。这是一种将钻井液能量转化成对钻头的高频机械冲击能量，来实现破岩的一种钻井工具，具有冲击力大、频率较高、机械钻速比牙轮钻头高的特点，且结构简单，组装方便，操作简单，经室内及现场试验效果良好。     

应用水力空化射流技术提高灰岩地层钻速

水力空化射流技术具有安全、可靠、效果好等特点,在石油钻井中得到了推广应用。针对伊朗Y油田中下部中硬灰岩地层可钻性差、机械钻速低的情况,试验应用了水力空化射流工具。研究了试验油田的地层强度及可钻性参数,优选了水力脉冲空化射流装置和下部钻具组合,优化了机械及水力参数。现场实钻资料表明,水力空化射流工具提高钻速明显,对中硬地层的灰岩具有良好的钻进效果。