Identification of gaps in mangrove forests with airborne LIDAR

Mangrove forests change frequently due to disturbances from tropical storms, frost, lightning, and insects. It has been suggested that the death and regeneration of trees in small gaps due to lightning may play a critical role in mangrove forest turnover; however, the large-scale quantification of spatial pattern and areas of gaps is lacking for investigating this issue. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology provides an effective way for identifying gaps by remotely obtaining direct measurements of ground and canopy elevations. A method based on an alternative sequential filter and black top-hat mathematical morphological transformation was developed to extract gap features. Comparison of identified gap polygons with raw LIDAR measurements and field surveys shows that the proposed method successfully extracted gap features in mangrove forests in Everglades National Park. There are 400–500 lightning gaps per square kilometer in mangrove forests at the study sites. The distribution of gap sizes follows an exponential form and the area of gaps with sizes larger than 100 m² account for 55–61% of the total area of gaps. The area of gaps in the mangrove forest in Everglades National Park is about 4–5% of the total forest area and the average gap formation rate is about 0.3% of the total forest area per year, indicating that lightning gaps play an important role in mangrove forest dynamics.     

EPON媒体接入控制的关键技术研究

文章简要介绍了基于以及太网的无源光网络（EPON）这种新型的接入网技术，将其与基于ATM技术的无源光网络（APON）的优缺点进行了比较，并对其媒体接入控制（MAC）的关键技术测距及上行接入进行了讨论，初步提出了光网络单元（ONU）的软、硬件实现方案。     

Study on Echo Time-Delay Estimation of Pulsed Laser Fuze

Pulse laser range detector is to measure the distance by estimating the time delay between the emitting pulse and echo pulse.In this paper,a mathematical model for the target echo signal of laser fuze has been established;in accordance with this model,the formulas for echo time-delay estimation and for amplitude estimation based on least squares criterion have been deduced.It is argued and simulated that the resolution of echo time-delay estimation could be improved through multi-reference correlation appro...     

A novel initial ranging algorithm for OFDMA systems using smart antenna

To improve the capacity of initial ranging （IR） users simultaneously accessing into network and enhance the performance of the IR, a novel IR algorithm is presented for the orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems with the smart antenna. The beamforming weight vectors provided by the antenna array are introduced for the IR users, and the procedures of the multiuser parameter estimation and the interference cancellation are designed. The proposed method can improve the accuracy of the channel estimation of active paths and efficiently reduce the residual multiple access interference. Simulation results show that the proposed method has a much better performance than the available successive multiuser detection and interference cancellation algorithm and accommodates more active ranging users simultaneously accessing into a cell.     

模糊控制在布料小车定位系统中的应用

以某球团厂破碎车间的布料过程为背景,针对该厂布料过程中小车定位不准和布料不均匀的问题,提出了基于PLC的模糊控制算法,结合超声波料位计和激光测距仪的反馈信息,有效地解决了该厂布料过程中小车定位不准和布料不均匀的缺点。利用上位机组态画面实现了对布料过程的远程监控,提高了车间的自动化水平,改善了操作人员的工作环境。本系统在运行期间能够准确判断矿仓的物料需求,完成布料小车的精确定位,降低了操作人员的工作强度。     

基于垂直平分线的无线传感器网络定位改进算法

针对传统基于垂直平分线的区域定位算法定位精度低、迭代次数多等缺点,提出一种改进的垂直平分线算法IMBLA。根据未知节点接收到的两锚节点接收信号强度指示( RSSI)值的比值,移动两锚点的垂直平分线,再确定待定位节点与垂直平分线的位置关系。该算法应用基于参考锚节点的高斯校正模型进行RSSI测距,包括有障碍物时的模型,不但适合各种环境,还能有效防止恶意攻击。仿真结果表明,与MBLA和IPAIT算法相比,IMBLA算法的定位精度和网络覆盖率较高。     

基于NUC472的超声波信号匹配算法的研究

为了使超声波测距系统中的换能器智能识别自身发出去的信号,以及避免其他设备换能器回波的干扰,提出了一种基于NUC472系列ARM芯片的超声波回波匹配算法的实现方案。详细介绍了各步算法的工作原理和实现过程,构建了发送码元序列的结构,阐述了编解码方式,并利用主控MPU内部ADC单元、FPU计算单元以及DSP指令库完成匹配算法的设计,最后将算法用于板级实验进行性能测试。实验结果表明：此算法不仅能识别多组不同换能器设备,而且方便对于嵌入式系统的移植,具有很强的通用性。     

输电线路激光测距系统的研究

介绍了在输电线路激光测距的基本原理的基础上,应用DSP和DDS技术,设计开发的输电线路激光测距系统,系统解决了激光连续测距中频率输出不稳定和相位抖动的问题.介绍了系统的具体设计方案和软硬件实现,在实际线路测量中应用及误差分析,最后对系统需要改进之处做了一些探讨.     

基于粒子滤波的TOA/TDOA融合算法研究

针对信号临界区域由于信号强度减弱导致的定位精度下降问题,利用一种传感器检测概率模型把收集到所有的TOA与TDOA量测信息通过似然度计算融合起来,在贝叶斯框架下建立一种非线性目标基于粒子滤波器的量测信息融合算法对目标进行定位估计,从而提高目标在临界区域的定位精度。仿真结果表明,在低信噪比下,融合两种观测手段的定位精度改善明显。     

Invasive species detection in Hawaiian rainforests using airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR

Remote sensing of invasive species is a critical component of conservation and management efforts, but reliable methods for the detection of invaders have not been widely established. In Hawaiian forests, we recently found that invasive trees often have hyperspectral signatures unique from that of native trees, but mapping based on spectral reflectance properties alone is confounded by issues of canopy senescence and mortality, intra- and inter-canopy gaps and shadowing, and terrain variability. We deployed a new hybrid airborne system combining the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) small-footprint light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system with the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) to map the three-dimensional spectral and structural properties of Hawaiian forests. The CAO-AVIRIS systems and data were fully integrated using in-flight and post-flight fusion techniques, facilitating an analysis of forest canopy properties to determine the presence and abundance of three highly invasive tree species in Hawaiian rainforests.

The LiDAR sub-system was used to model forest canopy height and top-of-canopy surfaces; these structural data allowed for automated masking of forest gaps, intra- and inter-canopy shadows, and minimum vegetation height in the AVIRIS images. The remaining sunlit canopy spectra were analyzed using spatially-constrained spectral mixture analysis. The results of the combined LiDAR-spectroscopic analysis highlighted the location and fractional abundance of each invasive tree species throughout the rainforest sites. Field validation studies demonstrated < 6.8% and < 18.6% error rates in the detection of invasive tree species at  7 m² and  2 m² minimum canopy cover thresholds. Our results show that full integration of imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR measurements provides enormous flexibility and analytical potential for studies of terrestrial ecosystems and the species contained within them.