Numerical simulation of the impact of polymer rheology on polymer injectivity using a multilevel local grid refinement method

Polymer injectivity is an important factor for evaluating the project economics of chemical flood, which is highly related to the polymer viscosity. Because the flow rate varies rapidly near injectors and significantly changes the polymer viscosity due to the non-Newtonian rheological behavior, the polymer viscosity near the wellbore is difficult to estimate accurately with the practical gridblock size in reservoir simulation. To reduce the impact of polymer rheology upon chemical EOR simulations, we used an efficient multilevel local grid refinement (LGR) method that provides a higher resolution of the flows in the near-wellbore region. An efficient numerical scheme was proposed to accurately solve the pressure equation and concentration equations on the multilevel grid for both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoir cases. The block list and connections of the multilevel grid are generated via an efficient and extensible algorithm. Field case simulation results indicate that the proposed LGR is consistent with the analytical injectivity model and achieves the closest results to the full grid refinement, which considerably improves the accuracy of solutions compared with the original grid. In addition, the method was validated by comparing it with the LGR module of CMG_STARS. Besides polymer injectivity calculations, the LGR method is applicable for other problems in need of near-wellbore treatment, such as fractures near wells.     

车镇凹陷套尔河洼陷古地层压力演化与油气幕式成藏

济阳坳陷车镇凹陷套尔河洼陷普遍发育异常高压,且异常高压的演化与油气生成、运移、聚集具有内在的联系。通过古地层压力恢复确定地史时期地层压力的演化规律,对比有机质热演化阶段的划分,能有效地确定地层压力演化不同阶段与油气生成、运移和聚集的阶段性,最终确定地层流体在不同压力演化阶段的流动样式。车镇凹陷地层压力演化存在两期超压积累-释放过程,早期超压积累过程形成的微裂缝是烃类初次运移的主要通道;晚期超压积累过程形成的次生孔隙和微裂缝是烃类大量运移的二次运移通道和集聚空间。     

东营凹陷胜坨地区岩性油气藏物理模拟

砂岩透镜体及构造-岩性油气藏是东营凹陷胜坨地区深层增储上产的重要岩性油气藏类型,通过物理模拟实验对其成藏特征进行研究表明:充足且有效的油气源条件、充注方式、砂岩透镜体自身物性变化及沟通源岩与砂体的断层与砂体的相对构造位置是决定岩性油气成藏的重要条件,其中是否有沟通有效烃源岩的通道是岩性油气藏成藏的关键,砂体物性变化及断层与砂体相对位置是影响油藏含油饱和度的主控因素。研究认为砂岩透镜体中心及构造-岩性油气藏断层上盘砂体为该区下一步的勘探目标。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷南部天然气成藏与富集特征

松辽盆地长岭断陷南部发育有营城组、沙河子组和火石岭组3套烃源岩,其中沙河子组泥岩有机质丰度高,为区内主力烃源岩。沙河子组主要分布在分割性较强的独立次凹中,生烃凹陷控制了天然气藏的分布,生烃潜力的大小控制了气藏的充满度。该区天然气具有多期充注成藏特点,后期存在二氧化碳气体的充注。天然气的有利富集带位于邻近生烃凹陷的前排构造和岩性圈闭发育带。     

Efficient implicit simulation of incremental sheet forming

In single point incremental forming (SPIF), the sheet is incrementally deformed by a small spherical tool following a lengthy tool path. The simulation by the finite element method of SPIF requires extremely long computing times that limit the application to simple academic cases. The main challenge is to perform thousands of load increments modelling the lengthy tool path with elements that are small enough to model the small contact area. Because of the localised deformation in the process, a strong nonlinearity is observed in the vicinity of the tool. The rest of the sheet experiences an elastic deformation that introduces only a weak nonlinearity because of the change of shape. The standard use of the implicit time integration scheme is inefficient because it applies an iterative update (Newton–Raphson) strategy for the entire system of equations. The iterative update is recommended for the strong nonlinearity that is active in a small domain but is not required for the large part with only weak nonlinearities. It is proposed in this paper to split the finite element mesh into two domains. The first domain models the plastically deforming zone that experiences the strong nonlinearity. It applies a full nonlinear update for the internal force vector and the stiffness matrix every iteration. The second domain models the large elastically deforming zone of the sheet. It applies a pseudolinear update strategy based on a linearization at the beginning of each increment. Within the increment, it reuses the stiffness matrix and linearly updates the internal force vector. The partly linearized update strategy is cheaper than the full nonlinear update strategy, resulting in a reduction of the overall computing. Furthermore, in this paper, adaptive refinement is combined with the two domain method. It results in accelerating the standard SPIF implicit simulation of 3200 shell elements by a factor of 3.6. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental evaluation of an ejector as liquid re-circulator in a falling-film water chiller

To experimentally evaluate the performance of an ejector working as a liquid re-circulator in a horizontal-tube falling-film evaporator with R134a, experimental tests are performed using a horizontal-tube falling-film water chiller prototype. Experimental observations on intertube liquid flow pattern of tube bundle validate the feasibility of the liquid re-circulation system using a liquid–liquid ejector. The analysis results show that the influence of the motive flow rate on the entrainment ratio of the ejector is small, and the average entrainment ratio of the ejector is about 2.03. With the increase of the valve opening of the regulating valve, the evaporating capacity of the falling-film water chiller rises 4.8%, from 940.2 kW with the re-circulation ratio of one, to 985.5 kW with the re-circulation ratio of 1.135. The COP of the falling-film water chiller reaches a maximum and then drops down with the increase of the re-circulation ratio, and the optimal re-circulation ratio is 1.135.     

Numerical simulation and experimental analysis of refrigerants flow through adiabatic helical capillary tube

In the present study, two-phase refrigerant flow is simulated using drift flux model for straight and helical capillary tubes. The conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum are solved using the 4th order Runge–Kutta method. This model is validated by previously published experimental and numerical results and also by experimental results presented in this work. The effect of various parameters such as inlet pressure, inlet temperature, sub-cooling degree, and geometric dimensions are studied. The results of the present study show that for the same length and under similar conditions, mass flux through helical capillary tube with coil diameter of 40 mm are about 11% less than that through the straight tube, where the helical tube length is about 14% shorter than the straight one for the same refrigerant mass flux.     

大南盘江地区晚古生代拗拉槽盆地的改造变形

主体在广西,包括滇、黔、粤部分地带的大南盘江———右江地区晚古生代拗拉槽（D—P 1 ）和后期台向斜坳陷（P 2 —T 2 ）盆地,在印支—早燕山运动期间受到哀牢山-红河古特提斯洋碰撞关闭的影响,而发生改造变形。在马关-河江、雪峰山、云开大山3个基底拆离体推覆作用下,以六盘水-紫云-都安走滑断裂带作为构造变形转换带,分别在不同区域形成了由强及弱的逆冲-褶皱递进（衰减）的构造变形域,控制了海相油气的形成、聚集与分布。     

模具BOM递进生成和转换专家系统的研究

为了满足模具BOM管理的需求,针对模具制造过程中模具BOM递进生成的特点,分析了模具BOM难于管理和控制的情况,为了有效保证在模具BOM递进生成和转换过程中数据的一致性、准确性和完整性,提出了一种模具BOM版本管理方法,一种基于规则进行推理的模具BOM递进生成和转换知识表达专家系统。