A blockchain-based audit approach for encrypted data in federated learning

The development of data-driven artificial intelligence technology has given birth to a variety of big data applications. Data has become an essential factor to improve these applications. Federated learning, a privacy-preserving machine learning method, is proposed to leverage data from different data owners. It is typically used in conjunction with cryptographic methods, in which data owners train the global model by sharing encrypted model updates. However, data encryption makes it difficult to identify the quality of these model updates. Malicious data owners may launch attacks such as data poisoning and free-riding. To defend against such attacks, it is necessary to find an approach to audit encrypted model updates. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based audit approach for encrypted gradients. It uses a behavior chain to record the encrypted gradients from data owners, and an audit chain to evaluate the gradients’ quality. Specifically, we propose a privacy-preserving homomorphic noise mechanism in which the noise of each gradient sums to zero after aggregation, ensuring the availability of aggregated gradient. In addition, we design a joint audit algorithm that can locate malicious data owners without decrypting individual gradients. Through security analysis and experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that our approach can defend against malicious gradient attacks in federated learning.     

我国水-能源-粮食耦合关系及影响因素

为缓解我国水、能源和粮食资源紧张问题，促进资源可持续利用，构建水-能源-粮食系统，利用耦合协调度模型对我国的30个省（自治区、直辖市）进行测算,并利用空间杜宾模型分析主要影响因素。结果表明：2003—2017年，我国能源、粮食评价[JP]指数高于水资源评价指数，系统综合评价指数逐年递增；大部分省份耦合协调度处于初级协调水平且呈现逐年上升的态势，个别省份耦合协调度濒临失调；耦合协调度空间自相关性较强，虽有明显波动，但是呈现逐年加强的态势；影响耦合协调度的主要因素有从业人口数、固定资产投资额、人均生产总值、人口总数、[JP]文盲人口占比、工业污染排放、城镇化。     

四氢姜黄素经PI3K/Akt信号通路对人血小板活化和聚集的调控作用

目的：探讨姜黄素的主要肠道代谢物四氢姜黄素（tetrahydrocurcumin，THC）对血小板活化和聚集的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法：在体外实验中，用不同浓度的THC（0、0.5、1、10 μmol/L）提前与健康人纯化血小板共同孵育40 min，然后加入凝血酶激活血小板2 min，用流式细胞术测定血小板表面CD62P和CD63的表达量，用酶联免疫吸附法测定血小板释放血小板因子-4（platelet factor-4，PF4）和趋化因子配体-5（chemokine ligand 5，CCL5）水平，用血小板聚集仪检测血小板释放ATP水平和血小板最大聚集率，用Western blot蛋白免疫印迹法检测血小板磷酸肌醇-3-激酶（phosphoinositide 3-kinase，PI3K）和Akt蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果：与模型组（血小板悬液中加入0.05%二甲基亚砜）相比，THC能抑制凝血酶诱导的血小板表面CD62P和CD63的表达，抑制PF4、CCL5和ATP的释放，降低血小板最大聚集率，下调PI3K和Akt蛋白的磷酸化水平，且呈浓度依赖效应，其中10 μmol/L的浓度下作用效果显著（P＜0.01、P＜0.001）。PI3K的特异性激动剂740 Y-P可部分逆转THC对PF4和CCL5释放和血小板聚集的抑制作用（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）。结论：THC具有显著抑制血小板活化和聚集的作用，其机制可能是THC可下调PI3K/Akt介导的信号通路。     

AQP3 Increases Intercellular Cohesion in NSCLC A549 Cell Spheroids through Exploratory Cell Protrusions

Tumor cell aggregation is critical for cell survival following the loss of extracellular matrix attachment and dissemination. However, the underlying mechanotransduction of clustering solitary tumor cells is poorly understood, especially in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Here, we examined whether cell surface protrusions played an important role in facilitating the physical contact between floating cells detached from a substrate. We employed poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based 3D culture methods to mimic in vivo tumor cell cluster formation. The suprastructural analysis of human NSCLC A549 cell spheroids showed that finger-like protrusions clung together via the actin cytoskeleton. Time-lapse holotomography demonstrated that the finger-like protrusions of free-floating cells in 3D culture displayed exploratory coalescence. Global gene expression analysis demonstrated that the genes in the organic hydroxyl transport were particularly enriched in the A549 cell spheroids. Particularly, the knockdown of the water channel aquaporin 3 gene (AQP3) impaired multicellular aggregate formation in 3D culture through the rearrangement of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the cells with reduced levels of AQP3 decreased their transmigration. Overall, these data indicate that cell detachment-upregulated AQP3 contributes to cell surface protrusions through actomyosin cytoskeleton remodeling, causing the aggressive aggregation of free-floating cells dependent on the property of the substratum and collective metastasis.     

Co-precipitation of nano Mg–Y/ZrO2 ternary oxide eutectic system: Effects of calcination temperature

In the family of inorganic nanomaterials, zirconia is a highly promising functional ceramic with a high refractive index, hardness, and dielectric constant, as well as excellent chemical inertness and thermal stability. These properties are enhanced in nano-zirconia ceramics, because nanopowders have a small particle size, good morphology, and uniform and dispersive distribution. In this study, a co-precipitation process was proposed to synthesise highly dispersed MgO–Y₂O₃ co-stabilized ZrO₂ nanopowders. The effects of different calcination temperatures on the crystallisation degree and particle dispersion of zirconia nanopowders were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The optimum synthesis conditions were obtained as follows: 6 h of high-energy planetary grinding and calcination at 800 °C in an electric furnace. Under these optimum conditions, the average particle size of the prepared powder was 28.7 nm. This process enriches the literature on the controllable preparation of Mg–Y/ZrO₂ nanopowders obtained by the co-precipitation method.     

认同度修正下的近相邻改进推荐算法研究

如何融合多方因素准确地为用户提供个性化产品一直是关注的热点问题，由此，一个新的近相邻改进算法融入了大众化认同度和个性化认同度，利于更加高效地挖掘隐藏信息。实验结果表明，相对于传统近相邻算法，认同度修正算法虽然查全率小幅度上下波动，但其他多个评价指标都得到极大提升，假正率和深度有所减少，查准率、[F1]值和提升度得以增加，并且，受试者特征曲线和提升曲线也都说明此修正算法具有更为显著的推荐效果。     

Luminescent Solar Concentrators Based on Aggregation Induced Emission

A promising path to cost-effective photovoltaic (PV) systems is sunlight concentration. Over classical non-imaging geometrical concentrators, luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) possess several advantages: low cost and weight, elevated theoretical concentration factors and aptitude to efficiently working with diffuse light without tracking or cooling equipment. Although considerable progress has been made, current LSC-PV systems attain low power conversion efficiencies due to critical processes that hinder their ability to deliver light to PV cells including fluorescence quenching due to dye aggregation. To overcome this issue, fluorophores with aggregation induced emission (AIEgens) have been proposed thanks to their high Stokes shift and quantum yield in the solid state. In this review, the current state of knowledge concerning the preparation of LSCs based on AIEgens is summarized with special reference on the strategy adopted aimed at increasing the absorption bandwidth while maximizing the solar collection.     

洋葱蛋白及多肽的制备及其体外抗氧化活性评价

对洋葱蛋白、4种不同水解度的粗洋葱多肽、4种分子量范围的纯化多肽组分的水解度、分子量、氨基酸组成、DPPH·清除能力进行了研究。结果表明,洋葱蛋白酶解后分子量大幅降低,必需氨基酸组分和支链氨基酸组分均有所提高,DPPH·清除能力大幅提高,且与水解度成正比;在4种水解度的粗洋葱多肽的纯化组分中,P-III(分子量为1~5kDa)的DPPH·清除能力均为最强,这归功于其合适的分子量分布。该研究为洋葱的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

机翼极限环颤振的CFD/CSD全隐式紧耦合方法

针对轴承振动实时状态监控的需要，从符号动力学角度提出了符号聚合近似与Lempel-ziv复杂度（SAX-LZC）融合的振动监控参数。首先，以Logistic映射和Duffing方程为对象，从理论角度验证了SAX-LZC对动力学结构表征的准确性，并验证了该指标的抗噪能力和计算效率；其次，将SAX-LZC指标与信息熵、样本熵、多分段Lempel-ziv复杂度等动力学参数性能进行了综合对比；最后，从实验角度对轴承早期微弱异常进行了监测，并对轴承典型故障进行了特征提取。理论研究结果表明，SAX-LZC具有动力学结构表征准确、抗噪能力好、计算高效简洁等优点，克服了常规动力学参数工程应用能力弱的问题。实验研究结果表明，SAX-LZC对早期微弱异常有准确的监测，对不同种类故障具有较好的区分度，弥补了时域和频域对轴承微弱故障表征能力不足的缺陷，是一种轴承振动实时状态监控与故障特征提取的有效参数。