Pore-scale modeling of competition and cooperation of multispecies biofilms for nutrients in changing environments

In this article, we developed a pore-scale model of integrated lattice Boltzmann method and cellular automata to investigate competitive growth of aerobic nitrite and ammonium oxidizers in a bioreactor. The results showed that inlet nutrient concentrations have significant effects on maximum biofilm concentration, ratio of microorganisms' concentrations, growth pattern, and time. The local availability of oxygen could control the competition, resulting in different growth patterns. The coexistence of ammonium and nitrite in same inlet zone increased not only the biofilm concentration (7%) but also the ratio of microorganisms' concentrations (36%). Although this coexistence decreased the total biofilm concentration in some cases, it increased the growth rate about 25%. Changes of the maximum biomass concentration could change biofilm concentration of about 40% and microorganisms' concentrations ratio of about 30%. This framework provides a powerful tool to improve our understanding of dynamic interdependency of many complex microbial consortia systems with environments.     

轧制速度对AZ31镁合金管材冷轧成形的影响

轧制速度是三辊式冷轧成形过程中关键的工艺参数，决定其力学特征及温升情况。基于此，本文以冷轧AZ31镁合金管材为研究对象，通过全流程数值仿真计算，对比分析不同轧制速度在各特征变形段对等效应力、等效塑性应变及节点温度的影响规律。结果表明，等效应力、等效塑性应变及节点温度均随轧制速度的增大而增大。通过元胞自动机模型及实验等手段，探明了晶粒在轧制过程中产生连续再结晶并细化的初步组织演变规律；对比分析实验与模拟结果并结合多方面因素，得到800mm/s的轧制速度可以更好的满足工艺要求的结果，为冷轧镁合金管材轧制速度的选择提供依据。     

元胞自动机模型在航空发动机故障诊断中的应用

航空发动机一般在高温、高压和高速转动的状态下工作，因此很难获取其全生命周期试验数据。针对无完整生命周期数据的小样本集合进行设计，提出一种基于元胞自动机的航空发动机故障诊断方法，该方法在获取发动机故障特征信息之后，利用元胞的扩散机制获取故障模式的分类边界。其优势在于:在给定的数据集前提下,可以利用较少的运行时间来约减给定的规则样本;可以利用积累或迭代的方式来分步获得原给定样本集的一致性子集。同时，算法的可积累性、运算时间可控等特点，使得该算法能连续应用在航空发动机试验样本数据集由小样本持续增加到大样本的过程中。该方法的应用对发动机的故障诊断的研究具有重要的指导意义。     

岩石断裂演化过程元胞自动机模型的研究

提出了一种研究岩石断裂演化过程的元胞自动机模型。通过大量模拟发现，岩石断裂演化过程是岩石内部微裂隙萌生、扩展、聚集和贯通的的过程，大量微裂隙的集体行为具有特定的规律。在岩石断裂演化过程中，微裂隙的空间分布是一个分级维形态的生长过程，岩石内完整岩石微元的空间分布是一个降维过程。岩石断裂隙化过程是一个确定性和随机性统一的过程，其中的分形物理机制是研究的关键。     

散粒体的自组织临界性与非均匀介质的元胞自动机模型

目前,普遍认为自组织临界性的发生与尺度效应和组织原则有关。尺度效应以各国开展的沙堆试验为基础,而组织原则未见有人讨论。首先,进行了不同级配的散粒体沙坡试验,发现散粒体自组织临界性与粒径的非均匀系数有关。随着非均匀系数的逐渐增大,散粒体呈现出不同的试验现象和统计结果,并且散粒体系统的动力行为由准周期到自组织临界性再到准周期进行演化。其次,设计了能够描述非均匀介质和体现非均匀系数的元胞自动机模型,即引入由于摩擦力造成的能量损耗作为表征沙粒表面不同粗糙度的物理量。通过调整能量损耗和半径的取值,可以进行不同非均匀系数、不同规模的元胞自动机数值模拟,其统计结果与真实散粒体沙堆试验相类似。通过沙堆试验和计算机模拟,发现组织原则与系统的鲁棒性和敏感性是否达到平衡有关。只有当非均匀散粒体维持整体的鲁棒性和敏感性的平衡时,才可能突破尺度局限,使大尺度的系统仍呈现自组织临界性;但当非均匀系数继续增大,使系统的鲁棒性占优,而敏感性消失或减弱,两者的平衡被破坏时,非均匀散粒体仍不能呈现自组织临界性现象。因此系统的鲁棒性和敏感性达到平衡是系统呈现自组织临界性现象的必要条件之一。     

考虑节点静态电压稳定性的电网元胞自动机故障演化模型

在电力系统大停电过程中往往伴随着电压失稳问题,为了研究停电事故发展机理,从事故演化过程中电网各节点电压变化入手,依据元胞自动机理论进行建模。将节点作为元胞,根据静态电压稳定性理论定义了元胞状态以及转换规则,建立了一种考虑节点静态电压稳定性的电网元胞自动机故障演化模型,并定义了电压稳定裕度指标。在IEEE39节点系统中,利用该模型进行单次停电事故仿真,分析了不同扰动方式下停电事故过程中节点电压稳定裕度的变化。进一步,利用该模型进行了多次停电事故仿真,探究了负荷扰动方式及电网热稳定裕度对各节点电压稳定裕度的影响。     

区域能源互联网信息物理建模及控制策略

大力发展低碳经济是解决能源危机、环境污染、温室效应等问题的有效途径之一。在分析区域分布式能源系统一般结构的基础上,提出冷热电联供下基于多智能体系统的区域能源互联网架构模型。结合元胞自动机理论,给出考虑冷热电协同控制的能源路由器设计方案。提出一种集中分散相融合的分布式协调控制策略。仿真算例验证了所提模型和控制策略的有效性。     

Systematic generation of cyclic operating procedures based on timed automata

Manual synthesis of cyclic operating procedure in a realistic system is widely regarded as a difficult task since it is both time-consuming and error-prone. It is thus desirable to develop a systematic approach to automatically generate the optimal schedule of operation steps so as to achieve one or more specific production goal. The timed automata are utilized in the present work for such a purpose. In particular, all components in a given system and the corresponding control specifications are characterized with automata according to the proposed modeling rules. By using parallel composition, a system automaton can be produced with these models and the most appropriate operation path can then be identified accordingly. For any practical application, a sequential function chart and the corresponding Gantt chart can also be easily extracted from this path. Three examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.     

A genetic strategy to design cellular automata based block ciphers

We propose an evolutionary computation approach to design a fast and secure block cipher using non-uniform second-order cellular automata. We build a flexible block ciphering model that permit the construction of a huge space of possible instances defined each one by a finite set of elementary transition rules. The constructed space is explored using a genetic algorithms strategy in order to find an optimal solution with respect to the strict avalanche criterion used as fitness measurements. The genetically designed cipher is benchmarked experimentally using conventional statistical tests, and shown to have very admissible characteristics leading to a very acceptable level of cryptographic security. Moreover, performances analysis shows that the designed cipher permit to achieve a high encryption/decryption speed, and compete many of the existing standardized ciphers.     

Measuring the neighbourhood effect to calibrate land use models

Many spatially explicit land use models include the neighbourhood effect as a driver of land use changes. The neighbourhood effect includes the inertia of land uses over time, the conversion from one land use to another, and the attraction or repulsion of surrounding land uses. The neighbourhood effect is expressed in the neighbourhood rules, but calibration of the neighbourhood rules is not straightforward. This paper aims to characterise the neighbourhood effect of observed land use changes and use this information to improve the calibration of land use models. We measured the over- and underrepresentation of land uses in the neighbourhood of observed land use changes using a modified version of the enrichment factor. Enrichment factors of observed land use changes in Germany between 1990 and 2000 indicate that the neighbourhood effect exists. This suggests that it is appropriate to use neighbourhood rules to simulate urban land use changes. Observed enrichment factors were used to calibrate a land use model for Germany from 1990 to 2000 and the obtained neighbourhood rules were validated independently from 2000 to 2006. The results show that both the allocation accuracy and the pattern accuracy of the land use model improved for the calibration period, as well as for the independent validation period. This indicates that enrichment factors can be used to improve the calibration of the neighbourhood rules in land use models.