机器翻译译文质量估计综述

机器翻译译文质量估计(Quality Estimation,QE)是指在不需要人工参考译文的条件下,估计机器翻译系统产生的译文的质量,对机器翻译研究和应用具有很重要的价值。机器翻译译文质量估计经过最近几年的发展,取得了丰富的研究成果。该文首先介绍了机器翻译译文质量估计的背景与意义;然后详细介绍了句子级QE、单词级QE、文档级QE的具体任务目标、评价指标等内容,进一步概括了QE方法发展的三个阶段: 基于特征工程和机器学习的QE方法阶段,基于深度学习的QE方法阶段,融入预训练模型的QE方法阶段,并介绍了每一阶段中的代表性研究工作;最后分析了目前的研究现状及不足,并对未来QE方法的研究及发展方向进行了展望。     

面向小语种机器翻译的平行语料库构建方法

神经机器翻译模型的训练效果在很大程度上取决于平行语料库的规模和质量。除了一些常见语言外,汉语与小语种间高质量平行语料库的建设一直处于滞后状态。现有小语种平行语料库多采用自动句子对齐技术利用网络资源构建而成,在文本质量和领域等方面有诸多局限性。采用人工翻译的方式可以构建高质量平行语料库,但是缺乏相关经验和方法。文中从机器翻译实践者和研究者角度出发,介绍了经济高效的人工构建小语种平行语料库的工作,包括其总体目标、实施过程、流程细节和最后结果。在构建过程中尝试并积累了各种经验,形成了小语种到汉语平行语料库构建方法、建议的总结。最终,成功构建了波斯语到汉语、印地语到汉语、印度尼西亚语到汉语各50万条高质量平行语料。实验结果表明,所构建的平行语料库有较好的质量,提高了小语种神经机器翻译模型的训练效果。     

火花放电原子发射光谱类型标准化校正方式的探讨

在国内,火花放电原子发射光谱分析广泛使用类型标准化进行方法校正。在国外,标准和文献中鲜见使用此方法的相关论述。类型标准化主要采用平移校正和转动校正两种方式,哪种方式更加合理也鲜见报道。国外设备类型标准化的默认设置优先采用转动校正方式,相关国内标准对最优校正方式的规定尚不明确,此默认设置的合理性有待探讨。实验选用低合金钢20CrNi2Mo、R407标准样品和不锈钢317L、0Cr18Ni9标准样品,引用国内相关标准,以正确度临界差为评判依据,模拟类型标准化样品和待测样品“十分接近”和“接近”两种情况下平移校正和转动校正的数据正确度。经数据统计分析,平移校正分析结果均满足要求,转动校正结果在“接近”情况下部分元素不满足要求。结合相关国家标准中元素含量范围和精密度数据进行分析,通过计算允许最大偏倚量并制作曲线图方式展开分析,得出如下结论:在满足文中类型标准化控制要点前提下,分析设置更适合于采用平移校正方式。     

基于循环一致性对抗网络的室内火焰图像场景迁移

基于深度学习的视频火灾探测模型的训练依赖于大量的正负样本数据,即火灾视频和带有干扰的场景视频。由于很多室内场合禁止点火,导致该场景下的火灾视频样本不足。本文基于生成对抗网络,将其他相似场景下录制的火焰迁移到指定场景,以此增广限制性场合下的火灾视频数据。文中提出将火焰内核预先植入场景使之具备完整的内容信息,再通过添加烟雾和地面反射等风格信息,完成场景与火焰的融合。该方法克服了现有多模态图像转换方法在图像转换过程中因丢失信息而造成的背景失真问题。同时为减少数据采集工作量,采用循环一致性生成对抗网络以解除训练图像必须严格匹配的限制。实验表明,与现有多模态图像转换相比,本文方法可以保证场景中火焰形态的多样性,迁移后的场景具有较高的视觉真实性,所得结果的FID与LPIPS值最小,分别为119.6和0.134 2。     

基于DoG检测图像特征点的快速二进制描述子

针对SIFT描述子实时性差和传统二进制描述子对尺度、旋转和视角变化鲁棒性差的问题,本文通过优化采样模式和添加灰度差分不变量比较测试进行改进,提出了一种鲁棒性更高的二进制描述子。首先,设计了一种尺度关联、编号标记的采样模式;然后,旋转采样模式中各采样点到特定位置,确保描述子尺度、旋转不变性;接着,分析了采样点点对模式对描述子的影响,选择使用机器学习训练后的128对采样点对;最后,选择灰度值比较测试及梯度绝对值和比较测试构建二进制描述子。实验中采用DoG检测图像关键点,结果表明:本文提出的描述子在描述子构建和描述子匹配上比SIFT描述子分别快84%和67%;在有视角变化的图像匹配上,准确率比传统的二进制描述子高3%~5%,召回率平均要高30%以上。本文提出的特征点描述方法适用于时间要求高的图像匹配领域。     

Binary whale optimization algorithm: a new metaheuristic approach for profit-based unit commitment problems in competitive electricity markets

This article presents a metaheuristic approach, the binary whale optimization algorithm (BWOA), to solve complex, constrained, non-convex, binary-nature profit-based unit commitment (PBUC) optimization problems of a price-taking generation company (GenCo) in the electricity market. To simulate the binary-nature PBUC problem, the continuous, real-value whale position/location is mapped into binary search space through various transfer functions. This article introduces three variants of BWOA using tangential hyperbolic, inverse tangent (arctan) and sigmoidal transfer functions. The effectiveness of the BWOA approaches is examined in test systems with different market mechanisms, i.e. an energy-only market, and energy and reserve market participation with different reserve payment methods. The simulation results are presented, discussed and compared with other existing approaches. The convergence characteristics, solution quality and consistency of the results across different BWOA variants are discussed. The superiority and statistical significance of the proposed approaches with respect to existing approaches is also presented.     

Policy translation and configuration using dynamic template

To solve the problem of complex,cumbersome and error-prone configuration of security devices caused by the heterogeneous configuration modes in complex networks,a dynamic template-based scheme for translating and configuring policy was proposed.In detail,considering the code’s features,the code-based template for translating policies was constructed to configure the command line conversion,and the keyword comparison method was used to ensure the accuracy of policy configuration.Experiments show that the scalability and the accuracy of the proposed scheme.     

An efficient approach for the S‐shaped penalty function

Interval goal programming (IGP) with a marginal penalty function (PF) was first proposed by Charnes and Collomb in 1972, and further improved by Kvanli and other researchers. Recently, Lu and Chen proposed an efficient logarithmic method to formulate IGP with an S‐shaped PF. However, their method requires adding many binary variables when the problem size becomes large, which increases the computational burden in the solution process. This study proposes an efficient approach for the S‐shaped PF. The arbitrary PF frequently appears in the fields of business and industry. However, none of the previous approaches have addressed arbitrary PFs without adding binary variables. The proposed approach can be easily extended to formulate an arbitrary PF in which binary variables are no longer required, regardless of the number of break points. The proposed method can improve the efficiency of IGP for solving large size management and decision problems in considering PFs. In order to demonstrate the correctness, usefulness of the proposed model, illustrative examples are provided.     

Translation speed measurements of hydrogen,helium, and argon field-reversed configurations in the central cell of a KMAX mirror device

A series of experimental results of field-reversed configurations (FRCs) on a KMAX (Keda Mirror with AXisymmetricity) tandem mirror machine are reported. Single-side FRC translation processes with three different gas species were measured by avalanche photodiodes. Consistent with the theoretical prediction, the measured FRC speeds were inversely proportional to the square root of the ion mass. However, the speeds of the hydrogen FRC increased even in a uniform magnetic field region while the speeds of the helium and argon FRCs decreased. Possible mechanisms are discussed. The speed of the second pass due to the reflection of the mirror fields was found to be ∼1/3 of the first pass speed. The internal magnetic fields were measured for a colliding-merging argon FRC, and the results show that, even for very slowmoving FRCs, merging can occur.