From product-oriented to process-oriented: Emerging new engineering paradigm

The conventional approach has put emphasis upon reducing labour, and increasing efficiency and uniformity. But this holds good only in the mass production paradigm. As we are entering the age of small production with far wider varieties, these principles of yesterday should be re-examined. Labour itself sometimes gives satisfaction if it involves the joy of creation, and longer time does not necessarily mean just patience, it sometimes turns into expectation if greater joy will be provided later. Too much fitness for the purpose sometimes means lack of robustness and adaptability to the quickly and widely changing environment. Thus, we should reconsider the items we thought important in the mass production age to aptly cope with the diversification of each customer’s requirements.     

Dynamics of hydrated iron(II) cations in nafion polymer membranes

Mössbauer studies of Fe²⁺ in water-soaked nafion polymer membranes in the temperature range between 90 K and 250 K have been performed. Above a critical temperature (～ 180 K) the spectra exhibit both elastic narrow absorption lines and quasielastic broad lines. These spectra are typical of bounded diffusion phenomena observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy in macromolecular systems like haemoglobin, myoglobin and ferritin. Similar spectral shapes have been observed by quasielastic neutron scattering from water in nafion membranes. Within 50 K above the critical temperature the total Mössbauer absorption area decreases by an order of magnitude whereas the narrow absorption line decreases by two orders of magnitude. The results are interpreted in terms of bounded diffusive motion of the iron. Using a model based on overdamped harmonically bound Brownian motion, the essential parameters of the iron motion can be derived as a function of temperature. The iron motion most probably reflects the motion of a large Fe²⁺ complex, e.g. Fe(H₂O)²⁺₆, which is attached to the polymer side chains via the sulphonic group.     

Adaptive flexibility and maladaptive routines in selecting fast and frugal decision strategies.

Decision routines unburden the cognitive capacity of the decision maker. In changing environments, however, routines may become maladaptive. In 2 experiments with a hypothetical stock market game (n = 241), the authors tested whether decision routines tend to persist at the level of decision strategies rather than at the level of options in strategy selection. The payoff structure of the task was changed after 80 decision trials, rendering a new strategy optimal with respect to expected payoff. Whereas most participants detected the appropriate strategy at the beginning of the task, they tended to retain it even when it was no longer optimal. A hint about a possible change had only a small influence on this maladaptive routine; a monetary incentive had none. Switching to a similar but not identical task relaxed the routine, but not much. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Error handling in a parallel LR substring parser

Parallel parsing is currently receiving attention but there is little discussion about the adaptation of sequential error handling techniques to these parallel algorithms. We describe a noncorrecting error handler implemented with a parallel LR substring parser. The parser used is a parallel version of Cormack's LR substring parser. The applicability of noncorrecting error handling for parallel parsing is discussed. The error information provided for a standard set of 118 erroneous Pascal programs is analysed. The programs are run on the sequential LR substring parser.     

基于观测器摩擦补偿的机电系统高精度控制

针对机电作动系统在低速阶段摩擦非线性明显且同时存在其他干扰,易导致系统跟踪精度、稳定性下降这一问题,设计基于非线性观测器摩擦补偿的自适应鲁棒控制器. 针对摩擦非线性,利用LuGre摩擦模型描述系统的摩擦现象,提出非线性观测器对模型的内部摩擦状态进行观测. 针对系统摩擦系数、转动惯量及其他不确定性参数,设计参数自适应律进行估计. 利用前馈补偿的方法,对摩擦非线性和参数不确定性进行补偿,设计鲁棒项克服系统的其他扰动. 利用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了提出的控制器在存在扰动的情况下可以实现系统的有界稳定性. 实验结果表明,提出的控制器具有较高的控制精度与较强的鲁棒性,跟踪精度较传统的PID控制器提高了一个数量级.     

关于数列收敛的又一判定定理

对已有的数列收敛的判定定理进行扩充,从而更加丰富读者的知识面,为读者学习和研究多提供一份材料.通过对这个定理进行严格的证明,并在局部证明过程中运用两种方法.从而得到所要证明的定理.     

考虑停车位不足的出发时刻选择问题

针对目的地停车位不足,出行者如何选择出发时刻的问题,在有限理性视野下综合考虑道路拥堵状况、出行者个人感知差异、目的地车位供给状况以及无法停入合法停车位后将受到惩罚等因素对出行者出发时刻选择的影响.依据前景理论设计实验,通过调查获取出行者出发时刻选择意向数据,构建出行者出发时刻选择模型.研究结果表明:停车位剩余状况影响出行者对出行结果的满意程度以及下一次出行决策.出行者出行结果满意度随着目的地剩余车位的减少而降低,当出行者的出行结果为满意时,出行者下一次出行由倾向于早到逐渐变为倾向于晚到.在车位不足,不能合法停车的情况下,不同的惩罚措施会影响到出行者下一次出发时刻的决策结果,惩罚越严重,出行者越倾向于早出发.     

蒙东褐煤热解技术工业应用进展

蒙东褐煤占我国褐煤储量的83%,是蒙东地区的主要能源。低温热解技术条件温和、产品用途广、经济效益高,是加工蒙东褐煤的主要途径之一。但由于褐煤块煤率低、含水量高、热碎严重等特性以及现行环保产业政策持续趋紧,使褐煤低温热解工业化项目存在原料利用率低、生产连续性差、环保不达标等问题。本文介绍了目前蒙东地区应用的热解技术包括低阶煤转化技术（LCC）、连续干馏热解定位提质技术（LCP）、带式炉低温干馏技术、GF-1型褐煤提质技术、SJ低温干馏方炉热解技术和气-固错流热解技术,分析了各项技术的运行情况、优势和不足。通过对比各项技术在原料要求、传热方式、熄焦方式、能量利用率和产品性质等方面的特点,明确了各项热解技术的炉型选择、原料煤粒度和热解产品利用等方向,提出了蒙东褐煤热解技术在工业化应用过程中需实现原料优化、能量优化、产品多元化和废弃物资源化的发展要求。     

Case‐based approach for supporting strategy decision making

The practice of strategy decision making proves that when the management board is strongly limited in its capacity to take rational actions, specifically in the context of great decision complexity and uncertainty, it is considered good practice to refer to experience through reasoning by analogy. In this paper, we would like to concentrate on supporting strategic decisions in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The complexity of analogy‐based reasoning has its roots in an attempt to solve new problems based on past cases from a different domain, while we will focus on case‐based approach for a single domain. Additionally, we have chosen case‐based reasoning as a suitable decision‐making paradigm because it is corresponds to managers’ decision‐making behaviour. We present the STRATEGOS case‐based reasoning system for supporting strategic decision making by SMEs management boards and then the system evaluation by the dozens of chief executive officers (CEOs) from SMEs is presented. The results of the survey are promising and show the remarkable correspondence of the proposed solution with expectations and strategic behaviour of CEOs.