Structure–Function Relationship of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

The retinal ganglion cells (RGC) may be considered an easily accessible pathophysiological site of degenerative processes in neurological diseases, such as the RGC damage detectable in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with (HON) and without a history of optic neuritis (NON). We aimed to assess and interrelate RGC functional and structural damage in different retinal layers and retinal sites. We included 12 NON patients, 11 HON patients and 14 healthy controls for cross-sectional multifocal pattern electroretinography (mfPERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements. Amplitude and peak times of the mfPERG were assessed. Macula and disc OCT scans were acquired to determine macular retinal layer and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. In both HON and NON patients the foveal N2 amplitude of the mfPERG was reduced compared to controls. The parafoveal P1 peak time was significantly reduced in HON only. For OCT, parafoveal (pfGCL) and perifoveal (pGCL) ganglion cell layer thicknesses were decreased in HON vs. controls, while pRNFL in the papillomacular bundle sector (PMB) showed reductions in both NON and HON. As the mfPERG derived N2 originates from RGC axons, these findings suggest foveal axonal dysfunction not only in HON, but also in NON patients.     

Development of surface reconstruction algorithms for optical interferometric measurement

Optical interferometry is a powerful tool for measuring and characterizing areal surface topography in precision manufacturing. A variety of instruments based on optical interferometry have been developed to meet the measurement needs in various applications, but the existing techniques are simply not enough to meet the ever-increasing requirements in terms of accuracy, speed, robustness, and dynamic range, especially in on-line or on-machine conditions. This paper provides an in-depth perspective of surface topography reconstruction for optical interferometric measurements. Principles, configurations, and applications of typical optical interferometers with different capabilities and limitations are presented. Theoretical background and recent advances of fringe analysis algorithms, including coherence peak sensing and phase-shifting algorithm, are summarized. The new developments in measurement accuracy and repeatability, noise resistance, self-calibration ability, and computational efficiency are discussed. This paper also presents the new challenges that optical interferometry techniques are facing in surface topography measurement. To address these challenges, advanced techniques in image stitching, on-machine measurement, intelligent sampling, parallel computing, and deep learning are explored to improve the functional performance of optical interferometry in future manufacturing metrology.     

Clinical significance of contact lens related changes of ocular surface tissue observed on optical coherence images

PurposeTo investigate the relationship between the real contact lens imprint into the conjunctival tissue, observed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and conjunctival staining and contact lens wearing comfort.Methods17 participants (mean age = 26.6 SD ± 3.6 years; 7 females) were fitted with three different contact lenses base curves of the same silicone hydrogel custom lens type (Visell 50; Hecht Contactlinsen, Au, Germany) in a randomised order. One lens was optimally fitted according to the manufacturer's recommendation, one fitted 0.4 mm flatter and one fitted 0.4 mm steeper. After 4 h of lens wear the contact lens edge in the area of the conjunctiva was imaged nasally and temporally using OCT (Optovue iVue SD-OCT). To correct the artefact due to optical distortion with OCT, the imprint of all worn lenses was measured on a glass plate afterwards. Conjunctival staining in the limbal region after 4 h of lens wear was classified using the CCLRU Grading Scale. Comfort scoring was based on visual analog scales from 0 (very poor) to 100 (excellent).ResultsThe mean conjunctival imprint of all contact lens edges was 32.0 ± 8.1 μm before and 7.3 ± 6.5 μm after distortion correction of the OCT images. The distortion corrected conjunctival imprint with the 0.4 mm steeper lens (11.5 ± 6.2 μm) was statistically significantly greater compared to the optimally fitted lens (6.5 ± 5.9 μm) (One-way ANOVA followed Tukey-test; p = 0.017) and greater compared to the 0.4 mm flatter lens (3.9 ± 5.3 μm) (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the optimally fitted lens and the 0.4 mm flatter lens (p = 0.209). The nasally measured imprint (11.4 ± 9.0 μm) was significantly greater than the temporally measured (3.3 ± 7.6 μm) (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant correlation between the amount of conjunctival imprint and the graded conjunctival staining (p = 0.346) or the wearer’s comfort (p = 0.735).ConclusionsContact lens edges imaged by OCT exhibited displacement artefacts. The observed conjunctival imprints are a combination of real conjunctival compression and artefacts. A deeper imprint of the contact lens into the conjunctiva caused by a steeper base curve was not related to clinically significant staining or changes in comfort after 4 h of lens wear. The observed differences between nasal and temporal imprint are likely to be caused by variations of conjunctival thickness and the shape of the underlying sclera.     

微地震事件解释实例

微地震事件是储层对水力压裂的响应，其分布特征与压裂工艺、储层性质、区域构造应力等密切相关。因此，微地震事件解释须结合地质、油藏、工程等信息才能全面、准确地理解水力压裂裂缝延伸过程，提高压裂改造效果评价的可靠性及对储层和压裂工艺的认识，以指导井位部署和压裂设计。针对辽河探区Q1块和S268块三个微地震事件监测实例，利用微地震联合测井岩性分层、三维地震剖面以及三维地震数据相干体属性，探讨了影响微地震事件分布特征的因素，得到以下认识：1天然裂隙是影响微地震事件分布的重要地质因素，储层天然裂隙发育表现为微地震事件重叠，易于形成复杂的裂缝网络，储层天然裂隙不发育表现为微地震事件不重叠且集中分布，也可实现造长裂缝的目的，形成对称缝网；2对致密砂岩储层进行水力压裂时可将在全区稳定分布的煤层作为稳定隔挡层，控制缝高，提高改造效果；3进行井位部署时，要考虑邻近井的影响，采用合理的井间距和压裂工艺，最大限度地降低邻近井对压裂造成的影响；4地层变形形成的局部高应力区域可对水力压裂裂缝形成阻挡，影响改造效果，结合地震资料综合解释有助于微地震监测识别地层变形对压裂的影响。     

Unraveling the film-formation kinetics of interfacial polymerization via low coherence interferometry

Interfacial polymerization (IP) is one of the most important methods for fabricating thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Understanding the film-formation mechanisms is of great value for developing membranes with enhanced performance. This work proposed a novel method to in situ characterize the film-formation kinetics via low coherence interferometry (LCI). The polyamide film formed at the liquid–substrate interface was scanned in real time; the polymerization induced significant variations in the optical properties around the reaction zone. After mitigating the effects of the perturbed interface, the surface-averaged intensity profiles provide a solid basis for analyzing the film-formation kinetics at various depths. In particular, the effects of the monomer concentrations were investigated to reveal the asymmetric growth and development of irregular substructures. All the characterization results confirm that the LCI-based characterization is a powerful tool for studying the structural evolution of the IP layer and thereby providing deeper insights for optimizing TFC membranes.     

网络化雷达现状及技术发展趋势

随着新的作战对象和作战样式的出现,以及作战环境更加复杂,仅依靠单个雷达节点的能力已经越来越难以满足新的作战需求。文中针对网络化雷达这一新体制雷达开展研究,通过分析国外网络化雷达系统发展现状、趋势及关键技术,总结对我国网络化雷达技术发展的经验启示,为我国网络化雷达系统发展提供技术参考。     

基于冗余字典的联合稀疏同步迭代硬阈值算法

为了改进基于压缩感知(CS)的欠Nyquist采样系统在冗余字典条件下信号重构的效果,研究了基于ε-闭包的分块联合稀疏模型的同步迭代硬阈值(SIHT)算法。分析了采样系统基于多测量向量(MMV)的CS合成模型,提出了ε-闭包的分块相干性和约束等距特性(RIP)概念;在迭代过程中根据冗余字典分块相干性,对更新支撑集进行优选从而完成算法改进;给出了迭代收敛常数,并分析了改进型算法的收敛特性。仿真实验结果表明,相比传统算法,改进型算法在采样系统足够的通道数条件下重构成功率可达到100%,噪声抑制能力能够提高7 dB~9 dB,总运算时间可以降低至少37.9%,信号重构收敛速度更快。     

改型Wollaston棱镜干涉光谱仪的调制度研究

改型Wollaston棱镜(MWP)无需中继,可构建微型傅里叶变换光谱仪。回顾了MWP的基本原理,从调制度定义出发,计算得到准单色光源的复相干度,找到调制度的影响因素——扩展视场、剪切结构、焦面探测等。建立一般的干涉定域分析模型后,由像点逆光路追迹给出MWP的厚度计算公式,代入调制度约束参数得到不同参量的误差容限。通过FRED记录不同视场扩展情况的灰度与辐照度,结果显示,调制度为0.9时,视场与理论估算值1.24°基本相符;不同剪切量的灰度与辐照度变化特性表明,结构角会使定域垂直系统光轴的入射角发生变化,与晶轴倾角共同影响双折射率差;2.5和8μm像元探测采样表现出调制度差异,描述了定域深度或离焦的影响。以准单色光源、复相干度表示调制度,可将不同影响因素统一至约束参数中,相关变量误差容限可作为MWP-FTS的设计依据。     

南海北部珠二坳陷超深水区断层系统分析中的高精度相干技术

超深水区地质条件复杂、地震资料受扰因素多、断面多解性强，严重影响了常规构造解释的准确性。在珠江口盆地珠二坳陷超深水区的断层研究中应用高精度沿层相干技术，有效提高了断裂系统解释与组合的精度。高精度沿层相干技术对超深水三维资料中特定地质时期断层的空间展布具有很好的表征。基于此技术的断裂系统相干分析指示白云超深水区的构造走向受北东向区域断裂控制明显。下渐新统恩平组顶面（T₇⁰）为区域不整合面与白云-荔湾凹陷的断-拗转换界面，恩平组沉积时期白云-荔湾凹陷具有连通性，渐新世早期断陷特征减弱，晚期以断拗-拗陷作用为主，对珠二坳陷超深水区油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。     

眼轴长度测量方法及进展研究

为配合临床实现人工晶体屈光度数计算,以及为日常眼病预防提供依据,眼生物参数测量特别是眼轴长度测量逐渐被人们所重视。以眼轴长度为目标,论述了现有的眼轴长度测量方法,包括超声测量方法和光学测量方法。重点概述了光学部分相干原理,低相干原理和光学相干层析(OCT)技术在眼轴长度测量方面的研究进展,分别介绍了各方法及典型仪器的测量原理、测量精度及范围,论述了眼轴长度测量的发展方向。光学测量方法以其无损伤、快速、高精度等优点逐渐替代了超声测量方法,但对于晶体混浊眼还需依靠超声测量方法。