The use of coal liquefaction catalysts for coal/oil coprocessing and heavy oil upgrading

The catalytic hydrogenation of heavy oil and mixed coal-heavy oil (coprocessing) systems has been the focus of a recent study at the Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC). The intent of this effort was to extend the use of coal liquefaction technologies to heavy oil upgrading and coprocessing systems. Specifically, new dispersed molybdenum-based catalysts developed at FETC and a novel silica-doped hydrous titanium oxide (HTO : Si)-supported NiMo catalyst developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) were tested in these systems. The results indicate the potential of coal liquefaction catalysts for use in coprocessing and heavy oil upgrading. High conversions of coal–oil mixtures were observed with dispersed catalyst loadings as low as 100 ppm Mo. Similar results were observed in heavy oil systems. Also, the novel NiMo/HTO : Si catalyst was at least as effective as commercially-available supported catalysts (e.g. Amocat 1C) for conversion of high boiling point material to distillable products and aromatics removal.     

煤-油共炼反应过程及氢转移机理

分别以1,2,3,4-四氢萘和正二十烷模拟原料油中的芳香分和饱和分,以9-苯基蒽和9-蒽甲醛为煤中多环芳烃的模型化合物,考察了模型化合物组成、反应气氛、铁基催化剂及硫化剂形态等因素对煤 油共炼反应过程的影响,研究了煤-油共炼反应机理。结果表明：铁基催化剂不仅加快了煤的裂解,促进了氢气向活性氢的转变及向煤热解中间产物转移,同时也促进了萘加氢和四氢萘脱氢的氢传递循环供氢能力,加速了氢在整个反应网络中的二次分布;有机硫化物和单质硫在高温、高压条件下均具有良好的硫化能力。氢气转变为活性氢、进行煤液化主要通过两条途径：一是重油中芳香类化合物(如萘等)的加氢;二是氢气在催化剂表面解离吸附。煤-油共炼反应以自由基反应为主,部分碳正离子可能参与反应,形成烷基化及断键重组产物。     

Nonhydrogenative processing of a saskatchewan heavy oil under mild conditions using disposable additives

In this study, a nonhydrogenative process for partial upgrading of heavy oil was evaluated in a semi-continuous laboratory scale unit for producing a low viscosity oil which could be pipelined easily. The process was conducted at atmospheric pressure and over a temperature range of 400 to 470°C. Gas production was negligibly small (1-2 wt. % of the feed) and there was virtually no coking of reactor except at high coal concentrations (> 9.1 wt. %) and high reactor temperatures (470°C). The particulate content of the liquid product which contained unreacted coal, ash and coke (defined as toluene-insolubles) was less than 5 wt.% in the majority of the cases. In the presence of coal, iron oxide mixed with coal. and iron oxide alone, maximum reductions in viscosity were: from 1540 to 248 mPa.s, from 1540 to 192 mPa.s, and from 1540 to 80 mPa.s, respectively. A moderate improvement in API gravity (from 13.0 to 18.2) was obtained using 1 wt. % iron oxide additive at 470°C. However, apparent pitch (resid) conversion were of the order of only 20-30 wt. %.     

一种红外成像导引头通用信息处理平台

红外成像导引头集光机电于一身,设计难度大、研制周期长。为了缩短导引头研制周期、降低开发成本,提出一种通用的信息处理平台方案。本方案采用FPGA+DSP架构,有较强的通用性,易于维护和扩展,可以在原理样机阶段迅速搭建硬件平台,用于系统验证和弹载软件调试,并为后续的产品研制提供有力支持。     

异构处理器多操作系统协同技术研究

随着嵌入式设备应用场景日趋复杂的变化,异构多核架构逐渐成为嵌入式处理器的主流架构.目前,多核处理器主要采用的单操作系统模式在实际应用中存在诸多局限性.为了充分发挥异构处理器的多核特性,针对异构处理器不同核部署相应的操作系统并实现多操作系统协同处理技术至关重要.本文对异构多核处理器（ARM+DSP）操作系统进行了研究,在异构多核平台上成功移植了嵌入式Linux和国产DSP实时操作系统ReWorks;为实现ReWorks与Linux操作系统协同处理,本文对核间通信的关键技术进行分析研究,并以TI公司的AM5718为例,设计了一系列多核异构通信组件.经测试,本文设计的异构通信组件实现了在ARM上对DSP核进行ReWorks操作系统和应用程序的动态加载、Linux与ReWorks核间消息收发、以及Linux与ReWorks的协同计算等功能.     

Relationship between properties and conversions of North Bohemian coals during coal/oil coprocessing

Eleven low rank coals from North Bohemian mines were comprehensively characterized by using a number of analytical methods. Along with common proximate and ultimate analysis, spectroscopic techniques, porosity measurement, extractability and swelling in organic solvents were used. Although coals were of similar geological origin, some of their characteristics largely differed from one coal to another. Coals were coprocessed with petroleum vacuum residue at 440°C for 1 h and yields of reaction products and coal conversions were determined. Despite the differences in composition and properties, the coals provided similar conversions and yields of distillable reaction products. A small positive effect on coal conversion was found for ash content and microporosity of coals. However, a small negative effect was found for carbon content, optical reflectance and solvent extractability of coals.     

4种煤与催化裂化油浆共处理的研究—重质产物组成性质的变化规律

借助棒状薄层色谱（TLC）、核磁共振（^1H－NMR）以及凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）分析技术,对石家庄催化裂化油浆与兖州煤、依兰煤、先锋煤以及汾西煤共处理重质产物的组成、结构和分子量进行了研究。结果表明：各类煤与CCSO共处理的重质产物具有类似的族组成,芳香份含量显著增加。共处理重质产物的分子量大都高于假定没有相互作用时煤和CCSO单独处理的算术加和计算值。重质产物的结构特征与煤的性质相关。     

煤油共处理过程中的反应机理

主要从煤中键的裂解、氢转移机理以及逆反应等方面论述了近年来在煤液化过程特别是煤油共处理过程反应机理研究的新进展, 着重介绍了溶剂、催化剂对氢转移机理的影响, 指出今后应加强对煤油共处理反应机理的研究, 用于指导将来可能的工业实践．     

同步溶胀-担载催化剂对烟煤-重油共炼的影响

以Fe(NO3)3和Na2S分别作为催化剂前体和原位硫化剂,在20℃下分别用水、甲醇(M)、N-N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和二甲亚砜(DMSO)对神华烟煤溶胀12 h,同步溶胀-担载催化剂后的烟煤脱除溶剂后与轮古常渣(LGAR)和杜84超稠油(Du84)在2∶1油煤质量比,8 MPa冷氢压,420℃,1 h的条件下进行加氢共处理.结果表明,神华烟煤经过溶胀处理后与两种重油共处理的液化率都明显提高,煤的转化率明显增大;三种有机溶胀剂相比,DMF同步溶胀促进液化效果最好,其次为DMSO,甲醇最差.两种配油相比,Du84比LGAR更适合煤-重油共处理.XRD分析表明,同步溶胀-担载法制备的溶胀煤载铁催化剂以非晶态和高分散的状态存在于溶胀煤表面,在共处理中催化剂最终转化为Fe1-xS.在煤-重油共处理中,经DMF同步溶胀-担载的催化剂失活,结晶相对不明显.     

催化裂化油浆与兖州煤共处理的研究 Ⅰ．反应条件对煤转化及产物分布的影响

考察了石家庄炼油厂所产催化裂化油浆与兖州煤加氢共处理中油浆加入量和反应条件对煤转化及产物分布的影响,通过与油浆和煤单独加氢处理的结果比较,阐述了油浆与煤的相互作用原理,煤－油浆共处理可显著提高煤的转化率,同时可使轻质产物的产率显著提高,当油浆加入量为66．6％时,油浆对煤转化的协同促进作用最大,轻质产物的产率比煤和油浆单独处理的结果高1倍。