Liquid yield from juniper and mesquite bio‐fuel gasification

Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) are two woody species which dominate uncultivated lands in the south central Great Plains, USA (Texas, Oklahoma) and may have potential for bioenergy utilization. In this study, these two biomasses were gasified in an adiabatic, updraft fixed‐bed gasifier using air as medium. The products include low heating value gas and liquid tar yield. The effects of fuel moisture content and the equivalence ratio (ER) on liquid yields including heavy tar and light tar and higher heating value (HHV) of the producer gas were investigated. It was found that updraft gasifiers produce a large amount of tar, in a range of 100 g/Nm³ of gas produced. As the equivalence ratio (ER) increased (i.e. more rich char conditions), peak temperature (T_peak) within the bed decreased due to the lesser partial oxidization. The liquid yield showed peak value with change in moisture content between 6 and 24%. Heavy tar is a very high quality fuel with a higher heating value of over 29 MJ/kg on a dry, ash‐free (DAF) basis which is a slightly higher than that of ethanol. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fuel-oxidizer mixtures: a lab and field study

ABSTRACT

Improvised explosive may be as primitive as a fuel and oxidizer mixture; yet not all fuel-oxidizer mixtures are explosive. Predicting explosive potential from laboratory-scale tests is desirable to screen a large matrix of potential threats in varying concentrations. Herein the properties of various fuel/oxidizer mixtures were measured at small scale (2 g) with bomb calorimetry and on large scale (5 kg) with high speed photography for detonation velocity and with piezoelectric pressure probes for TNT air blast equivalence. Potassium nitrate (KN), potassium chlorate (KC), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), potassium iodate (KIO₃), ammonium nitrate (AN), and ammonium perchlorate (AP) were prepared with sucrose (Su) and aluminum (Al) fuel. Results were compared to each other as well as predictions from Cheetah thermochemical code.     

数字化射线检测技术在船舶领域的应用

随着数字射线检测技术的不断发展,CR与DR数字射线检测技术以其检测灵敏度高、检测速度快及底片数据电子化存储等优势越来越广泛地应用于各行业中。针对船舶行业射线检测的主要检测对象(钢板对接焊缝、管路对接焊缝),开展了CR数字射线检测技术等价性评价、典型裂纹试验,以及基于不同种类射线装置的DR数字射线检测工艺试验,验证了数字化射线检测技术在船舶领域应用的适用性。     

有限集合上关系的矩阵描述

利用关系矩阵给出有限集合X上二元关系的运算及性质的矩阵描述,讨论了X上特殊关 系的矩阵条件.     

永磁同步电机电磁振动数值预测与分析

建立了考虑电磁力空间分布和定子等效的永磁同步电机电磁振动仿真计算模型。首先通过麦克斯韦应力张量法推导了电磁力的空间和频率特征,并考虑常见的电流谐波对电磁力频率特征的影响,之后通过有限元方法计算定子齿表面的电磁力。其次建立了考虑铁心和绕组材料各向异性的定子结构有限元模型,通过模态试验进行验证。最后将电磁力从电磁网格转移到结构网格上通过模态叠加法计算电磁振动,仿真计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,并对比了分布力与集中力两种力加载方法下的电磁振动结果。通过该文的研究发现考虑电磁力的空间分布和定子等效是电磁振动准确预测的关键因素,同时仿真与试验结果均表明开关频率附近的电流谐波对电磁振动影响显著。     

基于低电压穿越控制策略的风电场等值方法

风电场通常包括多台同类型的风电机组,在大电网仿真计算中需要将风电场等值,以减小仿真规模并保证仿真的准确性。提出了基于风电机组低电压穿越特性的风电机组倍乘等值台数确定方法,该方法主要考虑了实际风电场中各风电机组出力不同对风电场等值的影响,基于双馈、全变流类型风电机组在低电压穿越期间的有功、无功控制策略,确定比较合理的等值机组台数,最后将风电场等值为多台出力相同的风电机组。通过对实际风电场的仿真分析表明,在不同控制方式下,综合考虑不同电压跌落水平的有功、无功最佳等值台数是一个范围,进而可以综合确定一个等值台数,以兼顾准确性和保守性。一般情况下,离线仿真可选择最小可能台数,在线仿真可选择有功最佳台数范围内的最小台数。     

Management of Plutonium Content based on Reactivity of Each Plutonium Isotope

It is strongly demanded to control reactivity for safety and steady operation of nuclear reactor. Fissile enrichment should be, therefore, accurately managed in order to carry out it. A concept of physical accounting method for adjusting fissile enrichment is very useful to manage plutonium content and to control reactivity of nuclear reactor where plutonium is used as main fissile material. The basis of the concept is shown in this paper together with the result of the application to typical prototype fast breeder reactor (FBR). The rationality for adopting the method is also quantitatively shown in this paper.     

On extensions of subshifts by finite groups

λ-Graph systems are labelled Bratteli diagrams with shift operations. They present subshifts. Their matrix presentations are called symbolic matrix systems. We define skew products of λ-graph systems and study extensions of subshifts by finite groups. We prove that two canonical symbolic matrix systems are G-strong shift equivalent if and only if their presented subshifts are G-conjugate.     

从文学变异学角度重新审视翻译等值研究

翻译＂等值＂或等效问题是译学界长期争论的焦点问题。语言学派和文化学派分别从语言学角度和文化视角对此提出了各自的见解。比较文学变异学将翻译中的变异作为研究支点,＂跨语际变异研究＂成为译学研究的新范式,通过研究不同国家之间文学现象交流的变异状态,探究并揭示文学变异现象的内在规律性,对翻译研究有重要的启示意义。     

UNIQUENESS CONDITIONS OF CL-STRUCTURES IN GL-STRUCTURE EQUIVALENCE CLASSES OF SYSTEM RECONSTRUCTABILITY ANALYSIS

This paper first introduces the basic notions of overall systems with logical relations, their subsystems, structure representation graphs, sets of H-structures and G-structures with logical relations S _H ^L and S _G ^L, immediate refinement and aggregate with logical relations, structure-graph mappings r_V ^L, r_G ^L, etc., and the notions of inclusiveness with logical relations, upper bounding and lower bounding with logical relations. Then it proves the sufficient conditions under which representation graphs R ^L form a lattice. By defining the least upper bound and largest lower bound of (R^L, ) and recommending a lemma on distributivity, this paper proves the sufficient conditions under which G-structures with logical relations form Boolean lattices. Finally after defining the M-structures and C-structures with logical relations, i.e. M-structures and C-structures, this paper proposes the sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of C-structures in G-structure equivalence classes, and proves that the C ^L-structure is the least refined GL-structure in equivalence class S _G ^L/r _G ^L.