Is evidence-based practice diverse enough? Philosophy of science considerations.

In its policy rationale for evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), the APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (see record 2006-05893-001) claims to have constituted itself with "scientists and practitioners from a wide range of perspectives and traditions, reflecting the diverse perspectives within the field" (p. 273). We applaud this attention to diversity but contend that an entire perspective of the debate was omitted in the Task Force's newly approved policy and its underlying report. The failure to consider a philosophy of science perspective led the Task Force to make a number of epistemological assumptions that are not based on evidence or rationale and that thus violate the very spirit of evidence-based decision making. In this comment, we reveal a few of these assumptions and discuss their detrimental consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

金属－橡胶硫化粘接过程中分子取向行为的间接证据

对金属－橡胶热硫化粘接复合体的剥离行为进行了研究，同一粘接试样的双向１８０°剥离试验显示出了巨大的差异。本文分析了弹性材料在硫化过程中的分子行为，并提出了相应的新假设，认为这是由于金属－橡胶在硫化粘接过程中分子取向交联行为所致。这种双向１８０°剥离破坏现象可被看作是金属－橡胶硫化粘接过程中分子取向行为的间接证据。     

Can being scared cause tummy aches? Naive theories, ambiguous evidence, and preschoolers' causal inferences.

Causal learning requires integrating constraints provided by domain-specific theories with domain-general statistical learning. In order to investigate the interaction between these factors, the authors presented preschoolers with stories pitting their existing theories against statistical evidence. Each child heard 2 stories in which 2 candidate causes co-occurred with an effect. Evidence was presented in the form: AB→E; CA→E; AD→E; and so forth. In 1 story, all variables came from the same domain; in the other, the recurring candidate cause, A, came from a different domain (A was a psychological cause of a biological effect). After receiving this statistical evidence, children were asked to identify the cause of the effect on a new trial. Consistent with the predictions of a Bayesian model, all children were more likely to identify A as the cause within domains than across domains. Whereas 3.5-year-olds learned only from the within-domain evidence, 4- and 5-year-olds learned from the cross-domain evidence and were able to transfer their new expectations about psychosomatic causality to a novel task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

闭世界框架下灰色模糊多属性决策方法

针对D-S 证据理论在融合高度冲突的证据时可能导致与直观结果相悖的问题, 已有的基于修改数据模型的方法更多地考虑如何提高冲突证据结果的聚焦程度, 而没有考虑冲突成因以及如何通过冲突原因判断来削减证据之间的冲突. 对此, 提出一种闭世界框架下的灰色模糊多属性决策方法. 根据一般的灰色关联分析方法的基本思路, 将灰色关联度与欧氏距离有机结合, 构造出一种平均相似度对方案进行评价, 进而得到方案的排序结果. 最后, 通过实例分析验证了所提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于熵权灰色关联和D-S证据理论的威胁评估

为了更好地处理空中威胁目标的不确定性信息,提出了基于熵权灰色关联和D-S证据理论相结合的威胁评估方法.将熵理论应用于求解各指标权重,利用灰色关联法确定各指标的不确信度,进而得到各指标下不同目标的Mass函数,通过D-S证据理论对各Mass函数进行合成,根据置信函数大小对目标进行排序.仿真实验证明该方法是合理有效的.     

无线传感器网络中基于代理的D-S数据融合

提出了一种无线传感器网络中基于移动代理带证据权的D S融合算法。引入证据权对证据进行修正以降低冲突数据对融合结果的影响。采用三级D S组合规则进行融合决策：节点级融合计算单个节点时间域融合检测概率;簇内级融合计算簇内节点间空间域融合检测概率获取局部决策结果;簇间级融合计算簇间的融合检测概率获取最终的全局决策结果。仿真结果表明,本算法能以较小的能耗代价获取准确的融合结果并有效降低冲突数据对融合结果的影响。     

Fractional Order ［Proportional Integral］ Controllers Parameters Algorithm Based on the Vector Method

In forensic investigations,it is vital that the authenticity of digital evidence should be ensured. In addition,technical means should be provided to ensure that digital evidence collected cannot be misused for the purpose of perjury. In this paper,we present a method to ensure both authenticity and non-misuse of data extracted from wireless mobile devices. In the method,the device ID and a timestamp become a part of the original data and the Hash function is used to bind the data together. Encryption is applied to the data,which includes the digital evidence,the device ID and the timestamp. Both symmetric and asymmetric encryption systems are employed in the proposed method where a random session key is used to encrypt the data while the public key of the forensic server is used to encrypt the session key to ensure security and efficiency. With the several security mechanisms that we show are supported or can be implemented in wireless mobile devices such as the Android,we can ensure the authenticity and non-misuse of data evidence in digital forensics.     

一种基于情景感知的Ad Hoc网络功率控制算法

针对战场复杂恶劣环境下 Ad Hoc网络节点易受自然或人为因素影响发生故障,从而造成网络分割并导致通信中断,提出了一种基于情景感知的分布式功率控制算法(DPCAC)。DPCAC 采用 DS证据理论对影响节点失效的多“情景证据”进行融合,推理得到节点的生存状态,依据情景数据库中的信息构建拓扑矩阵,找出故障集并通过调节邻居节点的功率改变网络结构,进而达到恢复通信的目的。仿真实验表明,DPCAC可有效修复网络通信中断的链路,并可在网络恢复连通后通过调节功率降低不必要的能量消耗。     

一种新的证据复合折扣合成方法

D-S证据理论是一种重要的决策级信息融合方法,但传统的Dempster证据合成规则会导致一些与直觉相悖的结果.针对该问题,在经典的Shafer折扣方法基础上,提出了一种综合可靠性和重要性因素的复合折扣因子计算方法.该方法首先借助证据包含度合理地定义了证据可靠性度量;然后综合证据清晰度、证据一致性和证据积累程度等因素,建立了证据重要性模型;最后两者通过乘法算子共同构成复合折扣因子.实验结果表明,文章方法的证据处理过程与生物学研究中人的信息积累过程一致,能够解决证据合成中的悖论问题,合成证据可靠有效.