Farmers' preferences for adopting on-farm concentration of raw milk: Results from a discrete choice experiment in Germany

Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers' potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.     

Co?N graphene encapsulated cobalt catalyst for H2O2 decomposition under acidic conditions

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been listed as one of the 100 most important chemicals in the world. However, huge amount of residual H₂O₂ is hard to timely decomposed into O₂ and H₂O under acidic condition, easily resulting in explosion hazard. Here, we reported a core–shell structure catalyst, that is graphene with Co N structure encapsulated Co nanoparticles. Co N graphene shell serves as the active site for the H₂O₂ decomposition, and Co core further enhance this decomposition. Benefiting from it, the H₂O₂ decomposition were close to 100% after 6 cycles without pH adjustment, which increased 6 orders of magnitude compared with no catalyst. At the same time, the O₂ generation reached 99.67% in 2 h with little metal leaching, and ·OH has been greatly inhibited to only 0.08%. This work can cleanly remove H₂O₂ with little deep oxidation and protect the process of H₂O₂ utilization to achieve a safer world.     

The Impact of the ‘Mis-Peptidome’ on HLA Class I-Mediated Diseases: Contribution of ERAP1 and ERAP2 and Effects on the Immune Response

The strong association with the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes represents a shared trait for a group of autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders having in common immunopathogenetic basis as well as clinical features. Accordingly, the main risk factors for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), prototype of the Spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the Behçet’s disease (BD), the Psoriasis (Ps) and the Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR) are HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02, respectively. Despite the strength of the association, the HLA pathogenetic role in these diseases is far from being thoroughly understood. Furthermore, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have highlighted other important susceptibility factors such as Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and, less frequently, ERAP2 that refine the peptidome presented by HLA class I molecules to CD8⁺ T cells. Mass spectrometry analysis provided considerable knowledge of HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02 immunopeptidome. However, the combined effect of several ERAP1 and ERAP2 allelic variants could generate an altered pool of peptides accounting for the “mis-immunopeptidome” that ranges from suboptimal to pathogenetic/harmful peptides able to induce non-canonical or autoreactive CD8⁺ T responses, activation of NK cells and/or garbling the classical functions of the HLA class I molecules. This review will focus on this class of epitopes as possible elicitors of atypical/harmful immune responses which can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases.     

远志助眠功效成分提取及分析

通过直接观察睡眠法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定小鼠海马区多巴胺(DA)含量,研究远志助眠的功效成分;通过理化检测、液质联用(HPLC-MS)、核磁共振(NMR)推断助眠有效成分的化学结构。结果表明:远志醇提物乙酸乙酯萃取物MCI柱70%乙醇洗脱物是助眠的有效部分,该部分分离得化合物A,检测得该化合物为2个互为同分异构体的皂苷类物质,该物质含有氮元素和1个由3个糖组成的糖链。     

沙枣种子总酚抗氧化活性研究

目的研究沙枣种子总酚体外与体内的抗氧化活性。方法体外实验考察了沙枣总酚的还原力,对DPPH·、O_2~-和·OH的清除作用以及对·OH损伤DNA的保护作用等;体内实验中将小鼠随机分为空白组、D-半乳糖模型组(50 mg/kg)、Vc阳性对照组(50 mg/kg),沙枣总酚低(50 mg/kg)、中(100 mg/kg)、高(200 mg/kg)剂量组,灌胃给予相应药物2周后采血,幵测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和丙二醛(malondialodehyde,MDA)的含量,综合分析沙枣总酚的体外和体内抗氧化活性。结果沙枣总酚有强的还原能力,对DPPH·、O_2~-和·OH的清除率分别达30.02%、25.91%和38.55%,其浓度与自由基清除活性呈现一定的量效关系;沙枣总酚对·OH引起的DNA损伤具有一定的保护作用。与模型组比较,沙枣总酚能显著提高衰老小鼠血清SOD活力(P0.01),降低血清MDA水平(P0.01)。结论综合体外和体内实验结果,沙枣总酚显示一定的抗氧化作用,有望开发为新的植物抗氧化剂。     

复合香辛料提取物对哈尔滨风干肠中生物胺形成的抑制作用

研究复合香辛料提取物(肉桂、丁香和八角按质量比1∶1∶1混合)不同添加量(0.1、0.3、0.5 g/kg)对哈尔滨风干肠发酵过程中生物胺形成的抑制作用,以及对风干肠理化指标、微生物指标和感官品质的影响。结果表明,复合香辛料提取物可以有效抑制生物胺(酪胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、2-苯乙胺和色胺)的积累(P0.05),减少脂肪氧化产物硫代巴比妥酸值并抑制好氧菌的生长,且抑制效果随添加量的增加而增大(P0.05)。但是添加0.5 g/kg复合香辛料提取物会产生过重的香辛料气味,影响产品感官可接受性。风干肠中复合香辛料提取物添加量为0.3 g/kg时,可有效抑制产品中生物胺积累,且可改善产品的感官品质。     

生姜中姜辣素的功能性及其应用研究进展

姜辣素作为生姜的有效成分之一,是生姜中辣味物质的总称,对生姜的药用功效起着重要作用。通过介绍姜辣素的化学结构及组成,并根据姜辣素组成成分含量的差异,比较姜辣素不同提取工艺和组分分离方法的优缺点,提出姜辣素在测定方法上面临的主要问题;阐述国内外有关姜辣素在抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎及抗血脂方面的研究进展,讨论其功能性作用机制,并根据其功能性特点展望在食品、医药保健、化妆品方面的应用前景。     

基于声源定位的高校在线巡课系统设计与研究

随着网络建设以及信息化教学方法在高校教学过程中的应用普及,越来越多的高校使用在线巡课系统对教师的教学过程进行跟踪和管理,以便发现课堂教学中的亮点、问题和不足。文章提出的在线巡课系统,基于声源定位的技术,对传统的在线巡课系统做出了改进,解决了已有巡课系统中“只闻其声,不见其人”的问题,能够更直观地跟踪到教师的教学过程,包括教学行为以及师生互动过程,有效提升教务人员巡课效果和体验感受。     

几种防霉剂对单个腌制咸鸭蛋的腌制效果比较

目的 研究苯甲酸钠、百部、丙酸钙、双乙酸钠、丁香提取物及肉桂提取物6种防霉剂对咸蛋裹料防霉特性和咸蛋腌制效果的影响。方法 分别添加0.1%双乙酸钠、丙酸钙、苯甲酸钠、肉桂提取物、丁香提取物、百部到咸蛋裹料中，以蒸馏水为空白对照组，接种鲜鸭蛋表面菌液有菌液均匀涂布于培养基上，37 ℃恒温培养30 d测定各组菌落总数，初筛出3种防霉剂与咸蛋裹料复配，分别以黄泥腌制、不添加防霉剂的空白裹料作为对照，设置5个试验组腌制咸蛋，每7 d抽测一次霉变率、蛋内菌落总数、蛋白含盐率、蛋黄含盐率、感官评价等指标。结果 各组抑菌效果有显著性差异（p＜0.05）：丁香提取物＞肉桂提取物＞苯甲酸钠＞双乙酸钠＞丙酸钙＞百部＞空白对照，优选出的丁香提取物、肉桂醛和苯甲酸钠添加到改性淀粉为主要成分的咸蛋单个腌制裹料中腌制咸蛋，丁香提取物组的蛋内菌落总数显著高于其他组（p＜0.05），蛋内微生物控制在×102数量级内，霉变率为0；腌制35 d蛋白含盐率低于4.5 %、蛋黄含盐率高于1%，整体感观评分最优。结论 防霉剂能显著降低改性淀粉单个腌制咸蛋的霉变率和蛋内菌落总数。按0.1 %比例添加丁香提取物可制得与黄泥腌制效果相近的咸蛋，咸蛋整体更呈现一种宜人的丁香醇香风味。