Fat Distribution and Lipid Profile of Young Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Enzyme Deficiency

We aimed to compare detailed fat distribution and lipid profile between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency and a control group. We also verified independent associations of treatment duration and daily hydrocortisone dose equivalent (HDE) with lipid profile within patients. This case–control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) matched by an age range of young adults (18–31 years) with 20 control subjects (8 male and 12 female). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the fat distribution. Male patients demonstrated elevated indices of fat mass for total (7.7 ± 2.1 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 kg/m², p = 0.003), trunk (4.0 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 kg/m², p = 0.005), android (0.63 ± 0.24 vs. 0.32 ± 0.15 kg/m², p = 0.008), gynoid (1.34 ± 0.43 vs. 0.74 ± 0.24 kg/m², p = 0.005), arm (0.65 ± 0.16 vs. 0.39 ± 0.10 kg/m², p = 0.009), and leg regions (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 kg/m², p = 0.005) than the control group, but not in females. However, female patients demonstrated elevated ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.90 ± 0.46 vs. 1.39 ± 0.47, p = 0.009) than the control group, but not in males. Total fat mass was inversely correlated with total testosterone (r = −0.64, p = 0.014) and positively correlated with leptin in males (r = 0.75, p = 0.002). An elevated daily HDE (β = 0.43, p = 0.038 and β = 0.47, p = 0.033) and trunk to total fat mass ratio (β = 0.46, p = 0.025, and β = 0.45, p = 0.037) were independently correlated with impaired lipid profile markers. Although there is no altered lipid profile, male patients demonstrated an increased fat distribution. However, female patients presented with an impaired lipid profile marker but demonstrated close values of normal fat distribution. Interestingly, the dose of glucocorticoid therapy can have some role in the lipid mechanisms.     

食用油脂生产过程中邻苯二甲酸酯类的迁移规律及其脱除方法的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类类激素污染物,在污染的食用油脂中均有存在。PAEs具有致畸、致突变、致癌以及生殖毒性,对食品安全带来高风险。目前,PAEs已被美国、日本、中国先后列入"优先控制污染物名单",也成为我国食品安全领域重点监控对象。对食用油脂加工过程中PAEs的迁移规律和脱除方法进行了综述及展望,以期为食用油脂生产企业预防塑化剂对产品造成二次污染提供帮助。     

Inulin-based emulsion-filled gel as a fat replacer in prebiotic- and PUFA-enriched dry fermented sausages

In order to produce fermented sausages with prebiotic fibre and improved fatty acid composition, 16% of pork back fat was replaced with inulin gelled suspension (I) and inulin linseed oil gelled emulsion (IO). Physico-chemical analysis, fatty acid profiles, lipid oxidation, microbiological, textural, colour and sensory analysis were carried out. The fat content was lower in I (31.38%) and IO (35.36%) modified sausages compared to control (44.37%) (P < 0.05). IO sausages had lower SFA and MUFA and higher PUFA content with an improved n-6/n-3 ratio (2.23) (P < 0.05) and α-linolenic acid increment (5.74 g per 100 g). Reformulation led to decrease in springiness, chewiness and hardness and increase in adhesiveness of the sausages. Modified sausages had lower L* and higher a* values, while b* values of I sausages did not differ compared to control sausages. Modified sausages were acceptable regarding all sensory attributes. Lipid oxidation parameters showed higher susceptibility to oxidation and lipolysis in IO sausages.     

Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet,but Not without Exercise Training

While exercise training (ET) is an efficient strategy to manage obesity, it is recommended with a dietary plan to maximize the antiobesity functions owing to a compensational increase in energy intake. Capsiate is a notable bioactive compound for managing obesity owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure. We aimed to examine whether the antiobesity effects of ET can be further enhanced by capsiate intake (CI) and determine its effects on resting energy expenditure and metabolic molecules. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) and fed high-fat diet. Mild-intensity treadmill ET was conducted five times/week; capsiate (10 mg/kg) was orally administered daily. After 8 weeks, resting metabolic rate and metabolic molecules were analyzed. ET with CI additively reduced the abdominal fat rate by 18% and solely upregulated beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue (p = 0.013) but did not affect the metabolic molecules in skeletal muscles. Surprisingly, CI without ET significantly increased the abdominal fat rate (p = 0.001) and reduced energy expenditure by 9%. Therefore, capsiate could be a candidate compound for maximizing the antiobesity effects of ET by upregulating beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue, but CI without ET may not be beneficial in managing obesity.     

挤压豌豆纤维粉制备的不可溶膳食纤维油脂吸附能力研究

对不同挤压条件下不可溶膳食纤维对植物油和动物油吸附能力进行研究。以豌豆纤维粉为原料,通过改变挤压条件,改善豌豆纤维粉的物性,利用酶水解去除物料中的淀粉、蛋白质,得到不可溶膳食纤维。豌豆纤维粉挤出物和不可溶膳食纤维,随着物料水分、机筒温度、螺杆转速的升高,对于植物油和动物油的吸油量皆为先升高再降低,整体的吸油量后者高于前者。豌豆纤维粉挤出物去除淀粉和蛋白质前后吸附植物油能力由0.50 g/g提高到1.27 g/g;吸附动物油能力由0.56 g/g提高到1.75 g/g。结果表明经挤压技术改性的不可溶膳食纤维粉对油脂的吸附能力有所提高。     

初榨葡萄籽油对高脂膳食诱导的小鼠肥胖和糖脂代谢调节作用

采用气相色谱(GC)测定玉米油(CO)、初榨葡萄籽油(GSO)和猪油(Lard)的脂肪酸组成,高效液相色谱(HPLC)法和Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定CO和GSO的VE和多酚含量。48只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组,即正常对照组(ND)、45%高脂玉米油组(CO45%)、45%高脂初榨葡萄籽油组(GSO45%)和45%高脂猪油组(Lard45%),每周测定小鼠体重,高脂饲料干预小鼠在12周和14周分别测定小鼠的糖耐量(GTT)和胰岛素耐量(ITT),小鼠处死后测定小鼠血清的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)以及肝组织白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)炎症因子水平。结果表明:CO、GSO和Lard中多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为58.70%,74.15%和13.76%;CO中VE含量为254.06 mg/kg,以α-生育酚和γ-生育酚为主,GSO中VE含量为697.42 mg/kg,以α-生育酚,α-生育三烯酚和γ-生育三烯酚为主;GSO中多酚含量为43.813 mg/kg,CO中的多酚未检出;与CO45%、Lard45%组相比,GSO45%组小鼠体重净增长、血清中的LDL、FFA水平、肝组织的IL-6和TNF-α炎症因子水平均显著降低(p0.05);与Lard45%组相比,GSO45%组小鼠血清中的TC、TG显著降低(p0.05),但各组小鼠之间血清的HDL水平无显著性的差异(p0.05);与CO45%、Lard45%组相比,GSO45%组小鼠均显示更好的糖耐量和胰岛素耐量,胰岛素敏感性提高。     

Impact of octenyl succinylated pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch addition as fat replacer on the rheological,textural and sensory characteristics of reduced‐fat yoghurt

The current study evaluated the impact of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)‐esterified pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch as a fat replacer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) on various characteristics of reduced‐fat yoghurt (1.5% fat). Firmness, flow point, storage and loss modulus increased with increasing levels of the OSA starch. The Herschel–Bulkley model was best fit for elucidating their pseudoplastic behaviour. Syneresis decreased considerably, whereas sensory acceptability improved with increasing OSA starch level. Owing to this reduced syneresis, improved structural strength and sensory acceptability, OSA‐esterified pearl millet starch functions as a fat replacer in reduced‐fat yoghurt.     

分子蒸馏纯化富含中长碳链甘油三酯的人乳替代脂

酶法合成富含中长碳链甘油三酯的人乳替代脂,选用分子蒸馏技术对酯交换产物进行纯化。在进料温度65℃、冷凝器温度30℃、压力1 Pa、刮板转速120 r/min、进料速度2. 5 mL/min条件下,探究了分子蒸馏温度对重相组成的影响,确定最佳分子蒸馏温度为210℃。经过分子蒸馏后,大部分的甘油二酯及游离脂肪酸被去除,产品中甘油三酯含量可达97. 22%,甘油三酯中MLCT含量增加到74. 82%。