Study of haze emission efficiency based on new co-opetition data envelopment analysis

As haze intensifies in China, controlling haze emission has become the country's top priority for environmental protection. Because haze moves across different regions, it is necessary to develop a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model underpinned by both competition and cooperation to evaluate the haze emission efficiency in different provinces. This study innovatively adopts the spatial econometrics to construct the co-opetition matrices of Chinese provinces, then builds the co-opetition DEA model to evaluate the haze emission efficiency of them, and finally uses the haze data of 2015 as an example to assess the applicability of the model. The results of the study include the following: First, compared with the traditional CCR (A. Charnes & W. W. Cooper & E. Rhodes) model, this study constructs the co-opetition DEA cross-efficiency model that integrates haze's feature of cross-border moving; thus, it is more in line with the reality of haze emission and movement. Second, compared with the efficiency value gained from the CCR model, the haze emission efficiency values for Tianjin and Guangdong, two decision-making units, register greater variance when using the DEA model. The reason might lie in that they have a different spatial transportation relationship with their surrounding provinces. Third, the haze emission efficiency of provinces, according to the evaluation based on the co-opetition DEA method, varies greatly: Those with high efficiency are mostly inland provinces with slow economic growth and adverse climatic conditions, whereas many of the provinces with low efficiency are located in the relatively prosperous East China. The specific co-opetition DEA model constructed in this study enriches the research on the DEA model, which can be applied to the emission efficiency evaluation of similar pollutants around the world and can contribute empirical support to the haze reducing efforts of the government with its empirical results.     

雾霾治理的偏好性--以奥运期间首钢搬迁为例

中国在近些年的经济发展规划中提出经济转型计划--走资源节约型,环境友好型的发展道路,这说明环境治理工作是一项不可忽视的、对社会各方面进程均会产生影响的任务。但是,环境治理需要顶层设计和路径选择。本文主要以首钢搬迁为例,讨论在治理以雾霾为代表的环境治理中,偏好性事实的产生及其后果。     

图像增强对显著性目标检测的影响研究

目的 雾霾、雨雪天气和水下等非理想环境因素会引起图像退化,导致出现低质图像,从而影响人类主观视觉感受及机器视觉应用任务的性能,因此,低质图像被利用之前进行图像增强成为惯常的预处理过程。然而,图像增强能否提高图像机器视觉应用任务的性能及影响程度等问题鲜有系统性研究。针对上述问题,本文以图像显著性目标检测这一机器视觉应用为例,研究图像增强对显著性目标检测性能的影响。方法 首先利用包括5种传统方法、6种深度学习方法等共11种典型图像增强方法对图像进行增强处理,然后利用8种典型的显著性目标检测方法对增强前后的图像分别进行显著性目标检测实验,并对比分析其结果。结果 实验表明,图像增强对低质图像显著性目标检测方法性能的促进作用不明显,某些增强方法甚至表现出负面影响,也存在同一增强方法对不同的显著性目标检测方法作用不同的现象。结论 图像增强对于显著性目标检测及其他的机器视觉应用的实际效果值得进一步研究,如何根据图像机器视觉应用的需求来选择和设计有效的增强方法需进一步探讨。     

高性能光扩散材料的研究进展

首先对广泛应用于照明、生物材料、临床医学、化妆品和农业等领域的光扩散材料的类型和性能参数等方面进行了介绍,然后从光扩散原理以及通过结构设计提升光扩散性能等方面详细介绍了近几年国内外的研究进展。最后,总结了光扩散材料目前存在的问题,并展望了未来发展的方向。     

结合最小滤波和引导滤波的暗原色去雾

用基于暗原色信息的去雾方法处理雾化图像时,需要考虑消除景深边缘处的白色晕块并降低修复透射率过程所耗费的时间。为了既能够有效地去除白色晕块又能够降低修复透射率的处理时间,本文分析了最小滤波和引导滤波分别用于修复透射率的优缺点,提出了采用最小滤波和引导滤波相结合的方法来修复透射率。该方法综合了两者的优点,同时又弥补了各自的不足。较之于软抠图法,不仅有效消除了白色晕块,并且大大地降低了透射率处理时间,提高了处理效率。另外,针对传统暗原色去雾方法的缺点进行了改进。根据天空区域像素亮白的特性,将颜色和大气光相近的像素视为天空区域像素,然后对其进行颜色原值保留处理,从而有效地消除天空区域颜色的失真和跳变,从整体上改善了去雾复原图像的视觉效果。     

一种文丘里雾化喷嘴设计

气泡雾化喷嘴是一种新型的雾化喷嘴,相比常规的雾化喷嘴具有雾化质量高、耗气量小等优点,逐渐引起人们的重视。由于空气雾化喷嘴结构形式复杂多样,因而必须根据具体的用途进行特定的设计。通过分析喷嘴的设计要求并根据设计要求比较了几种常见类型的喷嘴,最终选择采用文丘里管形式的干雾喷嘴。通过理论分析、计算和数值求解,对文丘里雾化喷嘴的结构进行了具体的设计,重点介绍了断面形状的选择和供水方式的选择,最后确定喷嘴结构各部分加工尺寸,构建出文丘里雾化喷嘴的三维模型。     

The assessment of scattered light in ophthalmic materials

The assessment of scattered light in lenses, sunglasses and eye protection has been carried out in various ways. Wide‐angle scatter (haze) is used in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Small‐angle scatter (light diffusion) is specified in Europe. Little is known of the relationships within and between the methods. In an international standard, a single method is generally required. The measurement of wide‐angle scatter (haze) (two variations of a method) and small‐angle scatter (light diffusion) (three variations of a method) were carried out on 12 samples, 4 abraded, 4 with inclusion defects and 4 with surface coating defects, in an international inter‐laboratory comparison. The consensus means and confidence limits were used to compare two haze methods: the “Basic” light diffusion method and two variations of the “Simplified” light diffusion method. For abraded samples, haze and light diffusion measures are linearly related. For the remaining samples, the haze method was a much more sensitive detector of low levels of light scatter. The three measures of light diffusion are highly linearly correlated. Haze is the more sensitive measure for lower levels of light scatter when due to smaller scattering elements. The Basic and Simplified methods are highly linearly correlated. The red laser Simplified method returns a value 10% lower than that of the Basic method, and the green laser Simplified method returns a value 12% higher than that of the Basic method. These can be accounted for by a calibration factor or different acceptance values. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 416–423, 2016     

暗原色先验图像去雾算法研究

为了减小有雾天气对户外成像系统尤其是航拍视觉系统成像的影响,提出了一种新颖快速的基于暗原色先验和雾天图像退化模型的图像去雾方法.结合航拍图像特点,对原暗原色先验去雾箅法做了优化和改进.选取一系列户外带雾图像进行大量实验,结果表明,该方法能从物理特性上快速明显的去除雾的干扰,提高图像的清晰度,增强图像色彩和细节,复原得到...     

玻璃表面微结构的构建及其雾度和亲疏水性的调节

目的 提高蒙砂玻璃的雾度以及调控其表面的亲疏水性.方法 通过在酸蚀液中添加不同浓度的KCl,可控调节蒙砂玻璃表面微纳结构,并利用光学轮廓仪对表面形貌和粗糙度进行表征分析.通过分光光度仪对蒙砂玻璃的雾度、透过率进行测试,并使用接触角测量仪对其亲疏水性进行分析评价.结果 通过调节酸蚀液中KCl的加入量,得到具有不同表面微结构及表面粗糙度的蒙砂玻璃.酸蚀液中KCl的加入,可以实现不损失玻璃透过率的同时,将蒙砂玻璃的雾度提高1个数量级,从4.23％提高至73.11％.酸蚀液中加入质量分数20％的KCl,可实现蒙砂玻璃表面较好的亲水性,接触角达20.9°,而玻璃原片的接触角仅为47.5°.在蒙砂玻璃表面涂覆十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷,100℃下热处理30 min,可实现蒙砂玻璃较强的疏水性,对水的接触角达到124.3°.结论 酸蚀液中加入KCl可以实现酸蚀蒙砂玻璃表面微结构的构建,并且通过控制KCl的加入量,提高蒙砂玻璃的透过率和雾度,实现较好的亲水性.用低表面能物质十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷成功对具有一定表面微结构的蒙砂玻璃进行修饰,将蒙砂玻璃由亲水性变为较强的疏水性.     

一种浓度可控雾霾环境仿真系统设计与实现

雾霾环境是影响光电系统作战效能的重要因素。外场环境下雾霾条件不可控,难以满足光电系统雾霾条件下性能测试重复性要求。设计并实现了一种浓度可控雾霾环境仿真系统,可生成水雾、尘雾、烟雾等不同种类雾霾,采用浓度百分比控制方法,实现了薄雾、中雾、浓雾等不同浓度雾霾的定量化控制。实验表明:该仿真系统可生成能见度50¹ 000 m的雾霾,能模拟大气透过率为0.351 000 m的雾霾,能模拟大气透过率为0.35¹自然雾霾环境。在此创新地采用内外场环境等效模型方法,实现了内外场不同雾霾粒子大小对光电系统影响效果的等效,在内场实现了可控的定量化雾霾环境。