Towards the Hydrogen Economy in Paraguay: Green hydrogen production potential and end-uses

This study was conducted to estimate the potential for green H₂ in Paraguay. A total production potential of 22.5 × 10⁶ tons/year was obtained with a main contribution (93.34%) from solar photovoltaic. The greatest potential for producing H₂ from solar and wind resources is in the Western region, and from hydro resources is in the Eastern region of the country. Two end-uses of green H₂ were assessed: (1) automotive transportation, replacing gasoline and diesel; and (2) residential energy, replacing firewood and LPG for cooking in households across the country. In 16 of the 17 departments, green H₂ is able to replace the overall consumption of gasoline and diesel, as well as firewood and LPG. Finally, energy service cost (mobility), environmental aspects and CO₂ emissions were considered for three urban mobility technologies for the Metropolitan Area of Asunción. Results show that the mobility cost of fuel cell hybrid electric buses is still very high in comparison to diesel buses and battery electric buses. However, when a longer driving range is required, fuel cell hybrid electric buses could become a viable alternative in the long term. From an environmental point of view, green H₂ used in fuel cell hybrid electric buses has the potential to save about 96% of CO₂ emissions in comparison to diesel buses. It is concluded that the estimated green H₂ production potential favors the incorporation of the Hydrogen Economy in Paraguay.     

Phosphoric Acid-assisted Pretreatment Strategy for the Rational Synthesis of Lignin-derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon Toward High-performance Supercapacitors

In this article, a facile two-step activation method, coupled with phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)-assisted pretreatment and followed KOH activation, was reported for constructing hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) materials derived from lignin. The introduction of H₃PO₄, cross-linked with lignin sources generated phosphate (and/or polyphosphate) ester groups throughout the lignin structure, which endowed the pre-activated intermediate char (IC) with a hierarchical porous structure. Such phosphate esters contributed to the multi-scale pore structure within the pre-activated IC, which was beneficial for the uniform distribution and impregnation of subsequent KOH activators, thus leading to the formation of HPC materials. The as-prepared HPC exhibited a large specific surface area (SSA) of 1345.1 m²/g, which ensures the accessibility of the ion diffusion pathways. The supercapacitors integrated with HPC delivered a high specific capacitance of 241 F/g (in a three-electrode system) and outstanding rate capability with an 80.9% capacitance retention from 0.5 A/g to an ultra-high current density of 50 A/g.     

机械结构分层优化技术研究进展

复杂机械结构优化设计一般表现为多目标、多约束、多参数的优化问题,所以复杂结构优化设计过程通常存在计算复杂、不易收敛等困难。分层优化技术是复杂结构优化设计的一种有效途径,通过将优化问题中复杂的约束、设计变量以及功能目标合理分解为若干子层问题进行求解,然后通过协调得到复杂机械结构整体优化问题的结果。文章对机械结构分层优化技术的理论、应用研究现状进行了总结并探讨了其关键技术环节及发展趋势。     

石墨烯热电器件栅控特性研究

为了获得一种稳定可控的能源，提出一种栅控石墨烯热电器件。通过对石墨烯通道的载流子输运机理的分析，获得了温度和栅压对通道电阻的影响。依据半经典Mott公式推导了石墨烯塞贝克系数的表达式，同时给出了石墨烯的电导率和热导率模型。最后通过有限元分析(FEA)建模获得不同栅压条件下的器件温度，当栅极电压V_B=0 V时，石墨烯热电器件热端和冷端温度差为30 K；当V_B=6 V时，最大温差达到50 K；当V_B=30 V时，最小温差只有10 K。结果表明，栅压对热电器件的性能有明显的调控性。该研究可为石墨烯热电器件的设计提供理论参考。     

致密砂岩气藏地层水可动性及其影响因素研究

为研究致密砂岩气藏储层物性参数与地层水可动能力间的关系,明确不同物性储层的地层水可动性,通过核磁共振方法测量岩心孔隙大小分布,进行了X射线全岩衍射分析,提出了一种采用离心法与核磁共振相结合方式划分地层水可动程度的新方法,并分析了孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙结构、岩石矿物组成与地层水可动性之间的关系。结果表明,地层水可动或不可动无绝对界限,储层孔隙结构决定地层水可动性;矿物组成对地层水可动性影响不大。研究认为,地层水根据可动性可分为束缚水、可动束缚水、可动水,但束缚水饱和度、可动束缚水饱和度、可动水饱和度的划分不是绝对的,通过实验方法可得到其近似值。研究结果对致密砂岩气藏划分开发层系,减小地层产水可能性具有指导意义。     

一种分散在多孔碳上的碳包覆硅负极的制备及应用

硅负极具有高比容量的显著优势,其理论比容量（4 200 mA∙h/g）达到传统石墨负极的10倍以上,被认为是锂离子电池最有潜力的负极之一。然而,硅负极存在导电性较差、充放电过程中体积膨胀巨大等诸多问题,导致其循环性能较差,限制了大规模实际应用。本文提供了一种高性能硅负极的制备方法及应用,通过将硅负极分散在多级孔碳中,连同黏结剂聚丙烯腈涂覆在集流体上,再对极片进行热处理实现聚丙烯腈碳包覆,有效提高电极的整体导电性并能为巨大的体积变化提供空间,从而提升硅负极的大倍率性能和循环稳定性。     

Synthesis of Hierarchical 4H/fcc Ru Nanotubes for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media

Hierarchical metal nanostructures containing 1D nanobuilding blocks have stimulated great interest due to their abundant active sites for catalysis. Herein, hierarchical 4H/face‐centered cubic (fcc) Ru nanotubes (NTs) are synthesized by a hard template‐mediated method, in which 4H/fcc Au nanowires (NWs) serve as sacrificial templates which are then etched by copper ions (Cu²⁺) in dimethylformamide. The obtained hierarchical 4H/fcc Ru NTs contain ultrathin Ru shells (5–9 atomic layers) and tiny Ru nanorods with length of 4.2 ± 1.1 nm and diameter of 2.2 ± 0.5 nm vertically decorated on the surface of Ru shells. As an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media, the hierarchical 4H/fcc Ru NTs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance, which is better than 4H/fcc Au‐Ru NWs, commercial Pt/C, Ru/C, and most of the reported electrocatalysts.