水文水资源学家陈守煜先生学术研究的知识图谱分析

为探索水文水资源学家陈守煜先生学术研究历程及其演变规律,以其335篇文献作为数据基础,采用共现分析等文献计量可视化分析方法,通过文献发表的时间分布、学科和期刊分布、高被引文献分布和研究主题等方面的知识图谱分析,系统分析了陈先生的学术研究历程。结果显示:陈守煜先生学术研究生命周期历时达62年,在其60岁后出现了2个学术创新高峰期;其学术研究特色荟萃于其河渠非恒定流计算、模糊集理论的水文水资源应用、模糊水文水资源学基本理论、模糊聚类-识别-优选统一理论、可变模糊集理论和可变模糊集理论的水文水资源应用6个研究主题,其中主题1为后续的5个模糊水文水资源学创新主题奠定了数值计算的研究方法论,主题2为模糊集现有理论的应用探索,主题3至主题5为面向工程应用的模糊集理论不断深入创新,主题6为可变模糊集理论的应用探索,形成了"紧密结合应用-持续理论创新-创新理论再应用"这种理论与实践互馈的研究特色。他每一阶段的研究目标比较集中、明确,与其研究主题密切对应,显著提高了研究效率;他的学术研究影响广泛,合计被引8554次,缘于他的源头理论创新。陈先生的研究,理论与应用不断互馈,贵在厚积薄发、深入钻研、持续创新,其研究理念和方法论,对水利科学的学术创新研究具有重要的启示作用和深远影响。     

Delayed influence of dam storage and discharge on the determination of seasonal proliferations of Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii in a regulated river system of the lower Nakdong River (South Korea)

This study presents the relationship between the dam hydrology and phytoplankton proliferations in a regulated river system in East Asia. A long-term ecological study reveals that multi-purpose dam regulation on river flow in the Nakdong River (South Korea) affects proliferating patterns of phytoplankton, especially during summer (June-August) and winter (December-next February) as Microcystis aeruginosa and Stephanodiscus hantzschii, respectively, dominate each season by over 80%. Eutrophication was observed in the lower Nakdong River (South Korea) (mean+/-standard deviation: nitrate-N, 2.8+/-0.9 mg L(-1); phosphate-P, 40.3+/-31.3 microg L(-1); chlorophyll a, 45.2+/-84.9 microg L(-1); n=449), and the limnological characteristics responded to climatic variations such as monsoon and summer typhoons. The river basin experiences concentrated rainfall during the rainy season (June-September, over ca. 60% of total annual rainfall). Correlation and cross-correlation for time-delayed relationship revealed the hydrological environments (i.e., quantity of dam storage and discharge) had significantly negative relationship with the population dynamics of the two bloom-forming species for up to the next 2 years. S. hantzschii had clearer relationship with dam storage and discharge, which might be due to the seasonality exhibited by the species. The results support the necessity of "smart flow control" which may enable destruction of bloom formation by the two species with an adequate pulse of discharge generated by upstream dams in the far-east Asian river systems. This would increase the efficiency of water resource management system.     

浅论自然因素与路线的相互影响

从地形、地质条件、气侯、水文条件、土壤、植物覆盖等方面阐述了自然条件对路线的影响,并记述了公路对水、土壤、气侯等自然环境的影响作用,从而使自然因素与路线的相互作用向着良性循环的方向发展,以确保公路安全、迅速、经济、舒适和自然环境的良好。     

Spatialised fate factors for nitrate in catchments: modelling approach and implication for LCA results

The challenge for environmental assessment tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is to provide a holistic picture of the environmental impacts of a given system, while being relevant both at a global scale, i.e., for global impact categories such as climate change, and at a smaller scale, i.e., for regional impact categories such as aquatic eutrophication. To this end, the environmental mechanisms between emission and impact should be taken into account. For eutrophication in particular, which is one of the main impacts of farming systems, the fate factor of eutrophying pollutants in catchments, and particularly of nitrate, reflects one of these important and complex environmental mechanisms. We define this fate factor as: the ratio of the amount of nitrate at the outlet of the catchment over the nitrate emitted from the catchment's soils. In LCA, this fate factor is most often assumed equal to 1, while the observed fate factor is generally less than 1. A generic approach for estimating the range of variation of nitrate fate factors in a region of intensive agriculture was proposed. This approach was based on the analysis of different catchment scenarios combining different catchment types and different effective rainfalls. The evolution over time of the nitrate fate factor as well as the steady state fate factor for each catchment scenario was obtained using the INCA simulation model. In line with the general LCA model, the implications of the steady state fate factors for nitrate were investigated for the eutrophication impact result in the framework of an LCA of pig production. A sensitivity analysis to the fraction of nitrate lost as N(2)O was presented for the climate change impact category. This study highlighted the difference between the observed fate factor at a given time, which aggregates both storage and transformation processes and a "steady state fate factor", specific to the system considered. The range of steady state fate factors obtained for the study region was wide, from 0.44 to 0.86, depending primarily on the catchment type and secondarily on the effective rainfall. The sensitivity of the LCA of pig production to the fate factors was significant concerning eutrophication, but potentially much larger concerning climate change. The potential for producing improved eutrophication results by using spatially differentiated fate factors was demonstrated. Additionally, the urgent need for quantitative studies on the N(2)O/N(2) ratio in riparian zones denitrification was highlighted.     

The Bacterial Quality of an Upland Stream

Faecal coliform concentrations were determined at stream and water inflow sampling sites within an upland catchment in North Derbyshire containing rough, semiimproved and improved pastures. The results indicated that, during its passage through the catchment, the faecal indicators of the stream increased, and this may constitute a health risk to cavers using a popular recreational cave into which the stream drains. The decline in streamwater quality suggests that a semipermanent store of bacteria existed in catchment soils, and hydrological processes operated to transfer bacteria from the land to the stream channel. Contrary to expectations, intra-catchment differences in the bacterial quality of water at inflow and stream sampling sites could not be related to the intensity of agricultural land use in adjacent areas. This is explained with reference to changes in the nature of hydrological transport pathways associated with the improvement of pastures.     

DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED METALS IN A HIGHLY URBANISED CATCHMENT: BRADFORD, WEST YORKSHIRE

Urban watercourses are potential hazards because of their rapid flow changes, poor water quality and contaminated sediments. This study is a preliminary field investigation into fine sediment-associated metal contamination and its transport dynamics in a highly urbanised catchment in West Yorkshire, UK. Spatial and temporal changes in the concentration of channel-bed sediment-associated metals are investigated, and the fluxes of selected suspended sediment-associated metals, during an extreme high flow event, are determined. Channel-bed sediments were more contaminated at the most heavily urbanised sites. Data suggest that contaminated bed sediments could accumulate and possibly become increasingly contaminated between high-flow events, prior to being flushed from the system. Fluxes of contaminated suspended sediments were very high at the peak of the high flow event. The spatial and temporal dynamics of contaminated fine sediment which were identified in this study could inform planners with regard to future monitoring strategies.     

同位素测年新发展:~(81)Kr测定古老地下水年龄理论

自从1966年Loosli&Oeschchger测定出大气中的81Kr,就已经有人设想放射性81Kr(半衰期为(2.29±0.11)×105年)可能成为测定古老地下水年龄(105~106年)的有效工具。但一直没有付诸实践,直到2000年,Collon等人首次利用81Kr同位素确定澳大利亚大自流盆地(GAB)的古老地下水年龄。本篇文章中主要介绍了影响81Kr同位素测年的因素,81Kr的取样制样分析过程,回旋加速质谱仪分析81Kr同位素的原理。     

城市地区流域洪水过程模拟:以清河为例

城市地区流域洪水模拟是当前洪水过程计算分析的热点和难点,本研究基于Mike洪涝模拟平台的河道一维水动力学模型(MIKE11),综合考虑城市地区不透水下垫面产流、多闸坝调度、城市排水、支流汇入等因素,系统构建了北京市主要排洪河道清河流域洪涝模拟模型,以设计流量、水位资料和实测场次洪水过程资料分别对河道、水工建筑物参数及运行规则进行了验证,模型模拟结果显示模型能够较好模拟城市流域复杂环境条件下的河道结点水位,情景模拟分析不同降雨重现期流域现状河道行洪能力和河湖雨水综合利用能力,显示清河流域具有明显的低水位、大流量的特点,可以满足20年一遇降雨行洪要求。在特大暴雨条件下清河干流中段清河闸至羊坊闸是河道洪涝的重点防护区域。从1年到20年一遇重现期设计降雨条件下,模拟蓄水占总库容的33.5%~54%。研究为城市流域防洪调度和雨水资源利用提供技术支持。     

Influent generator for probabilistic modeling of nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants

The availability of influent wastewater time series is crucial when using models to assess the performance of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) under dynamic flow and loading conditions. Given the difficulty of collecting sufficient data, synthetic generation could be the only option. In this paper a hybrid of statistical (a Markov chain-gamma model for stochastic generation of rainfall and two different multivariate autoregressive models for stochastic generation of air temperature and influent time series in dry conditions) and conceptual modeling techniques is proposed for synthetic generation of influent time series. The time series of rainfall and influent in dry weather conditions are generated using two types of statistical models. These two time series serve as inputs to a conceptual sewer model for generation of influent time series. The application of the proposed influent generator to the Eindhoven WWTP shows that it is a powerful tool for realistic generation of influent time series and is well-suited for probabilistic design of WWTPs as it considers both the effect of input variability and total model uncertainty.     

建成环境景观水文研究框架构建——基于 数字景观技术的景观水文分析、评价与优化

景观水文概念的提出为风景园林涉水研究与实践提 供了一个交叉、整合和创新的窗口，旨在协同涉水学科、人居 环境设计学科等交叉领域，形成一套系统性、创新性的研究与 应用路径。基于现阶段景观水文相关研究进展，聚焦多尺度响 应下的建成环境涉水景观要素空间属性及其水文响应，明确了 建成环境景观水文研究范畴，包括概念、研究尺度和研究对 象。基于景观水文相关研究理论、方法与数字景观技术，从景 观水文研究目标体系、设计流程、分析方法、评价体系、优化 方法5个方面，构建了建成环境景观水文研究框架，包括多目 标集成的景观水文研究目标体系、全过程定量的景观水文规划 设计循证流程、多平台耦合的景观水文分析方法、多准则综合 的景观水文效益评价体系，以及多目标决策的景观水文优化设 计方法。景观水文研究领域的拓展需要跨学科领域的理论与技 术支持，也需要融入人居环境学科的设计方法和逻辑思维。基 于以往研究成果初步构建了建成环境景观水文研究框架，旨在 为景观水文相关研究与应用实践提供思路。