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1.
Food- and waterborne viruses, such as human norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses, are major contributors to all foodborne illnesses. Their small size, structure, and ability to clump and attach to inanimate surfaces make viruses challenging to reduce or eliminate, especially in the presence of inorganic or organic soils. Besides traditional wet and dry methods of disinfection using chemicals and heat, emerging physical nonthermal decontamination techniques (irradiation, ultraviolet, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, cold atmospheric plasma, and pulsed electric field), novel virucidal surfaces, and bioactive compounds are examined for their potential to inactivate viruses on the surfaces of foods or food contact surfaces (tools, equipment, hands, etc.). Every disinfection technique is discussed based on its efficiency against viruses, specific advantages and disadvantages, and limitations. Structure, genomic organization, and molecular biology of different virus strains are reviewed, as they are key in determining these techniques effectiveness in controlling all or specific foodborne viruses. Selecting suitable viral decontamination techniques requires that their antiviral mechanism of action and ability to reduce virus infectivity must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, details about critical treatments parameters essential to control foodborne viruses in a food production environment are discussed, as they are also determinative in defining best disinfection and hygiene practices preventing viral infection after consuming a food product.  相似文献   
2.
目的建立无血清条件下培养基孔肯雅病毒(Chikungunya virus,CHIKV)的生产工艺,评价灭活CHIKV在小鼠感染模型的保护效果。方法采用无血清培养基(virus production serum-free medium,VP-SFM)适应培养Vero细胞扩增CHIKV,与含血清DMEM培养基扩增CHIKV效果进行比较。用甲醛和β-丙内酯灭活CHIKV,作为免疫抗原,以氢氧化铝为佐剂,分别在第1和14天接种6周龄C57BL/6小鼠,第28天采血,分离血清,检测血清抗体中和效果。在CHIKV Ross毒株感染小鼠模型中,比较免疫小鼠与对照小鼠体重及脑组织病理变化,评价灭活CHIKV对小鼠的保护效果。结果 Vero细胞在VP-SFM中传代稳定性较好,无血清与含血清培养的CHIKV滴度差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),均达到108PFU/mL。接种甲醛和β-丙内酯灭活CHIKV的小鼠,血清抗体具有中和作用。小鼠滴鼻感染CHIKV Ross毒株,对照组小鼠脑组织出现病变,体重下降,接种灭活CHIKV组小鼠脑组织未出现明显病变,体重未出现下降,两组小鼠体重下降差异有统计学意义(P <0.001)。结论无血清培养Vero细胞适用于CHIKV扩增,灭活CHIKV在C57BL/6小鼠感染模型上具有显著保护效果。  相似文献   
3.
CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.  相似文献   
4.
彭静  宋静  栾家杰 《金属学报》2021,26(9):1073-1079
当前新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19)全球蔓延,全球累计确诊超过16 750万例。新型冠状病毒传播具有高传染性,人体感染后具有呼吸道症状、发热、严重呼吸综合征、器官衰竭,甚至死亡。对于COVID-19目前没有特异性治疗方法,大部分治疗方案采用的是对症支持治疗,但是预后差。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)不仅能够修复损伤的肺组织,还具有调控免疫、抗炎等作用,具有良好的临床应用前景。本文将对MSCs应用于新冠病毒肺炎治疗做一综述,以供同行参考。  相似文献   
5.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus from the Bunyaviridae family that causes high rates of mortality and morbidity in humans and ruminant animals. Previous studies indicated that DEAD-box helicase 17 (DDX17) restricts RVFV replication by recognizing two primary non-coding RNAs in the S-segment of the genome: the intergenic region (IGR) and 5′ non-coding region (NCR). However, we lack molecular insights into the direct binding of DDX17 with RVFV non-coding RNAs and information on the unwinding of both non-coding RNAs by DDX17. Therefore, we performed an extensive biophysical analysis of the DDX17 helicase domain (DDX17135–555) and RVFV non-coding RNAs, IGR and 5’ NCR. The homogeneity studies using analytical ultracentrifugation indicated that DDX17135–555, IGR, and 5’ NCR are pure. Next, we performed small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, which suggested that DDX17 and both RNAs are homogenous as well. SAXS analysis also demonstrated that DDX17 is globular to an extent, whereas the RNAs adopt an extended conformation in solution. Subsequently, microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments were performed to investigate the direct binding of DDX17 to the non-coding RNAs. The MST experiments demonstrated that DDX17 binds with the IGR and 5’ NCR with a dissociation constant of 5.77 ± 0.15 µM and 9.85 ± 0.11 µM, respectively. As DDX17135–555 is an RNA helicase, we next determined if it could unwind IGR and NCR. We developed a helicase assay using MST and fluorescently-labeled oligos, which suggested DDX17135–555 can unwind both RNAs. Overall, our study provides direct evidence of DDX17135–555 interacting with and unwinding RVFV non-coding regions.  相似文献   
6.
Flavivirus genus includes many deadly viruses such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). The 5′ terminal regions (TR) of flaviviruses interact with human proteins and such interactions are critical for viral replication. One of the human proteins identified to interact with the 5′ TR of JEV is the DEAD-box helicase, DDX3X. In this study, we in vitro transcribed the 5′ TR of JEV and demonstrated its direct interaction with recombinant DDX3X (Kd of 1.66 ± 0.21 µM) using microscale thermophoresis (MST). Due to the proposed structural similarities of 5′ and 3′ TRs of flaviviruses, we investigated if the ZIKV 5′ TR could also interact with human DDX3X. Our MST studies suggested that DDX3X recognizes ZIKV 5′ TR with a Kd of 7.05 ± 0.75 µM. Next, we performed helicase assays that suggested that the binding of DDX3X leads to the unwinding of JEV and ZIKV 5′ TRs. Overall, our data indicate, for the first time, that DDX3X can directly bind and unwind in vitro transcribed flaviviral TRs. In summary, our work indicates that DDX3X could be further explored as a therapeutic target to inhibit Flaviviral replication  相似文献   
7.
Celiac disease (CD) is a type of inflammatory chronic disease caused by nutrients such as gliadin that induce a TC (T cell)-mediated response in a partially known genetical background in an environment predisposed to inflammation, including viruses and food. Various experimental and clinical observations suggest that multiple agents such as viruses and bacteria have some common, inflammatory pathways predisposing individuals to chronic inflammatory diseases including celiac disease (CD). More recently, a Western diet and lifestyle have been linked to tissue inflammation and increase in chronic inflammatory diseases. In CD, the gliadin protein itself has been shown to be able to induce inflammation. A cooperation between viruses and gliadin is present in vitro and in vivo with common mechanisms to induce inflammation. Nutrients could have also a protective effect on CD, and in fact the anti-inflammatory Mediterranean diet has a protective effect on the development of CD in children. The possible impact of these observations on clinical practice is discussed.  相似文献   
8.
The nucleotide analog sofosbuvir, licensed for the treatment of hepatitis C, recently revealed activity against the Zika virus (ZIKV) in vitro and in animal models. However, the ZIKV genetic barrier to sofosbuvir has not yet been characterized. In this study, in vitro selection experiments were performed in infected human hepatoma cell lines. Increasing drug pressure significantly delayed viral breakthrough (p = 0.029). A double mutant in the NS5 gene (V360L/V607I) emerged in 3 independent experiments at 40–80 µM sofosbuvir resulting in a 3.9 ± 0.9-fold half- maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) shift with respect to the wild type (WT) virus. A triple mutant (C269Y/V360L/V607I), detected in one experiment at 80 µM, conferred a 6.8-fold IC50 shift with respect to the WT. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the double mutant V360L/V607I impacts the binding mode of sofosbuvir, supporting its role in sofosbuvir resistance. Due to the distance from the catalytic site and to the lack of reliable structural data, the contribution of C269Y was not investigated in silico. By a combination of sequence analysis, phenotypic susceptibility testing, and molecular modeling, we characterized a double ZIKV NS5 mutant with decreased sofosbuvir susceptibility. These data add important information to the profile of sofosbuvir as a possible lead for anti-ZIKV drug development.  相似文献   
9.
卢喜东  段哲民  钱叶魁  周巍 《软件学报》2020,31(5):1454-1464
针对当前恶意代码静态分析方法精度不足的问题,将恶意代码映射为无压缩的灰度图像,然后根据图像变换方法将图像变换为恒定大小的图像,使用方向梯度直方图提取图像的特征,最后提出一种基于深度森林的恶意代码分类方法.实验中选择不同家族的多个恶意代码样本进行分类,验证了该方法的有效性,并且实验结果优于近期提出的SPAM-GIST方法.  相似文献   
10.
The rapid detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is vital for the prevention of foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks. In this study, a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)‐supported polydiacetylene (PDA) immunosensor is developed to detect FMDV, in which a polyclonal antibody against the FMDV VP1 antigen is conjugated as a specific virus‐binding module without a linker. First, a liposome‐based immunosensor is generated for the FMDV VP1 protein in the form of photopolymerized PDA colloids. Then, the VP1‐specific PDA immunosensors are modified onto PVDF strip to enable the rapid and portable detection of FMDV. Detailed analyses are performed using ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. A blue‐to‐red color transition is observed in the presence of FMDV particles, indicating the potential applications of FMDV‐specific PDA immunosensors for use in solid‐phase detection as well as via liquid‐phase liposome platforms. Thus, this work provides a rapid and simple detection for FMDV.  相似文献   
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