基于归一化水体指数及其阈值自适应算法的水体遥感反演效果分析

归一化水体指数（NDWI）是水体遥感反演的一种重要指标，其阈值及修正直接影响反演结果的精度。基于Landsat-8与GF-1光学多光谱影像，使用归一化水体指数法阈值0（TH₀）、最大类间方差法（OTSU）自适应阈值（TH_otsu）与均值漂移聚类算法（Mean-Shift）自适应阈值（TH_MS）分别对典型正常水体、云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体、高含泥沙水体进行水体遥感提取与效果分析，结果表明：正常水体以TH₀为阈值提取精度最高，THMS提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；而云雾覆盖水体、富营养化水体以及含泥沙水体使用THMS提取精度最高，尤其少量云雾覆盖下的水体，TH_MS具有更明显的优势，TH₀提取精度次之，TH_otsu提取精度最差；对于不同的阈值，Land?sat-8比GF-1总体表现出更高的水体提取精度。Mean-Shift算法应用于NDWI阈值修正与水体遥感反演具有快速、水质适应性强、效果稳定的优势，对尤其是复杂条件下的水体信息遥感反演具有较好的提取效果。     

Numerical investigation on the electronic components' cooling for different coolants by finite element method

In this study, we conducted a numerical simulation to examine the cooling performance of an aluminum finned heat sink attached to a silicon chip, placed in a chamber of a rectangular cross-section. The heat sink is cooled by convective heat transfer utilizing nine commercially available gaseous coolants, namely air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, freon12 vapor, propane, and ammonia. To select an appropriate coolant for electronic devices in terms of thermal–hydraulic performance, the maximum temperature on the chip domain and the associated pressure drop in the cooling channel as a function of coolant velocity are analyzed for the aforementioned fluids. It has been found that the minimum temperature is recorded for propane and freon12 vapor, which is approximately 31.1°C, for a coolant velocity of 0.5 m/s, but freon12 vapor shows the highest pressure drop, approximately 900 mPa, among all coolants. In the overall velocity regime, hydrogen shows the best cooling performance in terms of both cooling capacity and hydrodynamic characteristics. But considering safety issues, helium can be a better alternative. This comprehensive study provides a better understanding of different coolant performances, which will aid engineers to develop an effective cooling technique to accommodate the inexorably rising power demand.     

径向弹簧蓄能密封结构最大接触应力的有限元分析

为研究径向弹簧蓄能密封结构的密封特性，针对典型径向弹簧蓄能密封结构，分析其密封机制以及O形弯曲金属螺旋弹簧的弹性特性；采用ANSYS有限元分析软件，建立典型弹簧蓄能密封结构的非线性有限元分析模型，对弹簧蓄能密封圈在不同压缩率、不同介质压力下的接触应力进行分析，研究在多种工况下最大接触应力的变化情况。结果表明：压缩率保持不变时，最大接触应力随着介质压力的增大而增大；介质压力保持不变时，随着压缩率的增大，最大接触应力先增大再减小。对压缩率、介质压力与最大接触应力的关系进行曲线拟合，可用于指导弹簧蓄能密封结构的精确设计。     

Destructive and non-destructive evaluation of concrete for optimum sand to aggregate volume ratio

Aggregates are the biggest contributor to concrete volume and are a crucial parameter in dictating its mechanical properties. As such, a detailed experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of sand-to-aggregate volume ratio (s/a) on the mechanical properties of concrete utilizing both destructive and non-destructive testing (employing UPV (ultrasonic pulse velocity) measurements). For investigation, standard cylindrical concrete samples were made with different s/a (0.36, 0.40, 0.44, 0.48, 0.52, and 0.56), cement content (340 and 450 kg/m³), water-to-cement ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and maximum aggregate size (12 and 19 mm). The effect of these design parameters on the 7, 14, and 28 d compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and UPV of concrete were assessed. The careful analysis demonstrates that aggregate proportions and size need to be optimized for formulating mix designs; optimum ratios of s/a were found to be 0.40 and 0.44 for the maximum aggregate size of 12 and 19 mm, respectively, irrespective of the W/C (water-to-cement) and cement content.     

基于数值计算方法计算最大反应速率到达时间

最大反应速率到达时间(TMR_ad)是化工工艺热风险评估中一个十分重要的参数。一般计算TMR_ad的方法是基于N级模型的分析。但对于复杂的反应过程统一采用N级模型分析计算可能会引起较大偏差甚至得到错误的评估。因此，提出运用基于反应类型的数值计算方法进行TMR_ad和T_D24的评估，通过分别代表N级反应和自催化反应的20% DTBP甲苯溶液和CHP的ARC测试分析表明：对于N级反应，该方法能可靠地用于TMR_ad和T_D24的求取；而对于自催化反应，尽管拟合效果很好，原有方法计算偏差很大，原因是不同模型下动力学参数不同，还进行偏差大小分析。由此可知该数值计算方法有广泛的适用性，对于放热曲线，需在了解其反应类型的基础上利用该方法进行TMR_ad和T_D24的评估，由此评估的结果更为可靠准确。     

中国与日本兽药残留限量标准比较分析研究

目的研究我国与日本兽药残留限量标准的异同。方法根据中华人民共和国国农业部第235号公告以及日本肯定列表、厚生劳动省第370号公告,比较两国法律法规涉及的禁用与限量物质清单在兽药种类、残留食品种类、残留限量指标值等方面的异同。结果我国兽药残留限量标准涉及123种兽药、3大类食品、12种动物与9种靶组织、550个限量指标,日本则涉及243种兽药、4大类食品、16种动物与8种靶组织、3705个限量指标。两者相比,我国83种兽药与日本相同, 445个限量指标与日本810个限量指标具有可比性。在中日标准涉及的具有可比性的限量指标中,我国有215个指标与日本等同,有80个指标比日本严格,有139个指标比日本宽松。结论在兽药残留限量标准涉及的可比指标值方面,我国二分之一的指标值与日本对应指标值是等同的。     

Recursive generalized extended least squares and RML algorithms for identification of bilinear systems with ARMA noise

Bilinear systems are considered as a particular class of nonlinear systems including the state variables which are typically used for online identification. By using a recursive identification method and the maximum likelihood principle, this paper presents two recursive-based algorithms to identify the parameters of bilinear in parameter systems with ARMA noise. In this regard, recursive generalized extended least squares (RGELS) and recursive Maximum Likelihood (RML) algorithms have been proposed for identification of bilinear systems. These algorithms can be used as an alternative choice in system identification with acceptable performance. The proposed algorithms estimate the correlated noise parameters with high accuracy by making full use of the measurement data. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithms are effective for online identification of bilinear in parameter systems with high convergence speed.     

天然气管道加热用浸没燃烧换热器设计及应用分析

浸没燃烧技术应用于天然气管道加热较为新颖,该技术核心在于换热器的设计。介绍了浸没燃烧换热器的设计方法,设计出200 kW浸没燃烧换热器并在北京某门站供暖期内投入使用,以解决调压器的冻堵问题。利用实测数据计算管内、管外对流换热系数,通过数据拟合计算得到额定设计工况下的实际综合传热系数,进而对设计综合传热系数进行修正。计算结果表明,设计综合传热系数的修正系数为1.56。再通过实际管外对流换热系数反算得到水浴最大流速值,拟合得到功率与水浴最大流速的关系式,利用加热装置在120 kW稳定运行时的实测数据进行验证,水浴最大流速计算结果误差率为6.67%,可以为相同类型的浸没燃烧换热器设计提供参考。     

两次喷射对正丁醇部分预混燃烧影响的试验研究

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上进行了预主喷两次喷射策略对正丁醇部分预混燃烧影响的试验研究。研究结果表明:正丁醇燃料实现部分预混燃烧相对汽油燃料对喷射时刻较敏感,最大压力升高率高,稳定运行范围窄,但未燃碳氢、氮氧化物和碳烟排放较低;预主喷两次喷射能有效降低正丁醇部分预混燃烧最大压力升高率,随着预主喷间隔的增大,最大压力升高率先快速降低后上升,预喷射比例越大,获得最低压力升高率对应的预主喷间隔越大;通过优化预主喷两次喷射策略,能显著改善正丁醇部分预混燃烧可控性差、最大压力升高率高的问题,从而有利于实现更大工况范围内的高效燃烧。