新中国早期产品品牌命名和设计范式探究——以烟标为例

新中国早期产品品牌的命名和设计,在政治内容、审美趣味与商业企图之间获得了平衡。构建了易于被大众接受,群众喜闻乐见,紧随时代潮流的命名和设计范式。其中,以烟标最为典型,散发出鲜明的视觉特色和独有魅力,给人们留下诸多的回忆。为新中国立国建国、经济建设、航天国防、友好和平和文化生活等方面信息的传播和价值观的塑造,作出了不可忽视的贡献,也为现代产品品牌的命名和设计提供了早期的范式参考。     

明清时期江南私家园林景点题名中的竹文化研究

中国古典园林中竹文化的研究对于弘扬我国优秀传统文化和提升现代园林中竹景观的文化内涵都具有重要意义,现有研究主要集中在竹的空间营造、种植形式等方面,而从品题学角度对传统私家园林中的竹文化系统研究得还比较薄弱。以明清时期江南私家园林的景点题名为研究对象,采用文献查询和实地调研相结合的方法,对江南园林中的竹景点、常见题名意象及其所表达的精神内涵进行研究。结果表明明清时期竹在江南私家园林景点题名中应用非常普遍,常见的题名意象主要表达了道家的隐逸思想、儒家的比德思想、佛教的心无思想和民俗吉祥思想。从中可以看出,明清时期文人阶层天人合一的哲学观、三教并存的宗教观和雅俗共赏的审美观。     

Semantic networks for odors and colors in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Impairment in odor-naming ability and in verbal and visual semantic networks raised the hypothesis of a breakdown in the semantic network for odors in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study addressed this hypothesis. Method: Twenty-four individuals, half patients with probable AD and half control participants, performed triadic-similarity judgments for odors and colors, separately, which, utilizing the multidimensional scaling (MDS) technique of individual difference scaling analysis (INDSCAL), generated two-dimensional configurations of similarity. The abilities to match odors and colors with written name labels were assessed to investigate disease-related differences in ability to identify and conceptualize the stimuli. In addition, responses on attribute-sorting tasks, requiring the odor and color perceptions to be categorized as one polarity of a certain dimension, were obtained to allow for objective interpretation of the MDS spatial maps. Results: Whereas comparison subjects generated spatial maps based predominantly on relatively abstract characteristics, patients with AD classified odors on perceptual characteristics. The maps for patients with AD also showed disorganized groupings and loose associations between odors. Their normal configurations for colors imply that the patients were able to comprehend the task per se. The data for label matching and for attribute sorting provide further evidence for a disturbance in semantic odor memory in AD. The patients performed poorer than controls on both these odor tasks, implying that the ability to identify and/or conceptualize odors is impaired in AD. Conclusion: The results provide clear evidence for deterioration of the structure of semantic knowledge for odors in AD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The nature of naming errors in primary progressive aphasia versus acute post-stroke aphasia.

Objective: To compare the distribution of error types across subgroups of primary progressive aphasia and poststroke aphasia in different vascular locations. Method: We analyzed naming errors in 49 individuals with acute left hemisphere ischemic stroke and 55 individuals with three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Location of atrophy or ischemic stroke was characterized using MRI. Results: We found that distribution of error types was very similar across all subgroups, irrespective of the site or etiology of the lesion. The only significant difference across groups was the percentage of circumlocutions (F(7, 96) = 3.02, p = .005). Circumlocution errors were highest among logopenic variant PPA (24%) and semantic variant PPA (24%). Semantic coordinate errors were common in all groups, probably because they can arise from disruption of different cognitive processes underlying naming and, therefore, from different locations of brain damage. Conclusions: Semantic errors are common among all types of primary progressive aphasia and poststroke aphasia, and the type of error depends in part on the location of damage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A cross‐cultural colour‐naming study. Part III—A colour‐naming model

A colour‐naming model was developed to categorize volumes for each of the 11 basic names in CIELAB colour space. This was tested with three different sets of data for two languages (English and Mandarin), derived from extensive colour categorization experiments. The performance of the model in predicting colour names was satisfactory, with an average prediction error of 8.3%. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 270–277, 2001     

Tutorial on the importance of color in language and culture

This tutorial examines how people of various cultures classify different colors as belonging together under common color names. This is addressed by examining Berlin and Kay's (1969) hierarchical classification scheme. Special attention is paid to the additional five (derived) color terms (i.e., brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray) that must be added to Herings' six primaries (i.e., white, black, red, green, yellow, blue) to constitute Berlin and Kay's basic color terms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 179–192, 2001     

Syllabic priming in lexical decision and naming tasks: The syllable congruency effect re-examined in French.

This study investigated the role of the syllable in visual recognition of French words. The syllable congruency procedure was combined with masked priming in the lexical-decision task (Experiments 1 and 3) and the naming task (Experiment 2). Target words were preceded by a nonword prime sharing the first three letters that either corresponded to the syllable (congruent condition), or not (incongruent condition). When primes were displayed for 67 ms, similar results were found in both the lexical decision and the naming tasks. Consonant-vowel targets such as BA.LANCE were recognised more rapidly in the congruent condition than in the incongruent and control conditions, while consonant-vowel-consonant targets such as BAL.CON were recognised more rapidly in the congruent and incongruent conditions than in the control condition. When a 43-ms SOA was used in the lexical-decision task, no significant priming effect was obtained. The results are discussed in an interactive-activation model incorporating syllable units. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age-related deficits in auditory confrontation naming.

The naming of manipulable objects in older and younger adults was evaluated across auditory, visual, and multisensory conditions. Older adults were less accurate and slower in naming across conditions, and all subjects were more impaired and slower to name action sounds than pictures or audiovisual combinations. Moreover, there was a sensory by age group interaction, revealing lower accuracy and increased latencies in auditory naming for older adults unrelated to hearing insensitivity but modest improvement to multisensory cues. These findings support age-related deficits in object action naming and suggest that auditory confrontation naming may be more sensitive than visual naming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selective attention and distractor frequency in naming performance: Comment on Dhooge and Hartsuiker (2010).

E. Dhooge and R. J. Hartsuiker (2010) reported experiments showing that picture naming takes longer with low- than high-frequency distractor words, replicating M. Miozzo and A. Caramazza (2003). In addition, they showed that this distractor-frequency effect disappears when distractors are masked or preexposed. These findings were taken to refute models like WEAVER++ (A. Roelofs, 2003) in which words are selected by competition. However, Dhooge and Hartsuiker do not take into account that according to this model, picture-word interference taps not only into word production but also into attentional processes. Here, the authors indicate that WEAVER++ contains an attentional mechanism that accounts for the distractor-frequency effect (A. Roelofs, 2005). Moreover, the authors demonstrate that the model accounts for the influence of masking and preexposure, and does so in a simpler way than the response exclusion through self-monitoring account advanced by Dhooge and Hartsuiker. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

城市配电网线路编号命名原则探讨

文章阐述了目前城市配电网线路命名管理中存在的主要问题,提出了在配电网线路、设备命名中借助网络拓扑学知识引入一个"联支"概念,有效地解决了目前城市配电网线路命名中存在的四个问题,分清了配电网的层次,理清了配电网的结构。