Lactobacillus reuteri-fortified camel milk infant formula: Effects of encapsulation,in vitro digestion,and storage conditions on probiotic cell viability and physicochemical characteristics of infant formula

Lactobacillus reuteri fortified camel milk infant formula (CMIF) was produced. The effect of encapsulation in different matrices (sodium alginate and galacto-oligosaccharides) via spray drying, simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion (SIGID), and storage conditions (temperature and humidity) on the viability of L. reuteri in CMIF and the physicochemical properties of CMIF were evaluated. Compared with free cells, probiotic cell viability was significantly enhanced against SIGID conditions upon encapsulation. However, L. reuteri viability in CMIF decreased after 60 d of storage, predominantly at higher storage humidity and temperature levels. At the end of the storage period, significant changes in the color values were observed in all CMIF, with a reduction in their greenness, an increase in yellowness, and a wide variation in their whiteness. Moreover, pH values and caking behavior of all CMIF stored at higher temperature (40°C) and humidity [water activity (a_w) = 0.52] levels were found to be significantly higher than the samples stored under other conditions. Over 30 d of storage at lower humidity conditions (a_w = 0.11 and 0.33) and room temperature (25°C), no significant increase in CMIF lipid oxidation rates was noted. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that, compared with the other storage conditions, CMIF experienced fewer changes in functional groups when stored at a_w = 0.11. Microscopic images showed typical morphological characteristics of milk powder, with round to spherical-shaped particles. Overall, camel milk fortified with encapsulated L. reuteri can be suggested as a promising alternative in infant formula industries, potentially able to maintain its physicochemical characteristics as well as viability of probiotic cells when stored at low humidity levels (a_w = 0.11) and temperature (25°C), over 60 d of storage.     

毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中的胆碱

目的建立毛细管区带电泳-间接紫外检测法测定婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱含量的新方法。方法用5 mmol/L乙酸提取婴儿配方奶粉样品中的胆碱,涡旋混匀、9000 r/min离心,上清液经0.45μm醋酸纤维素滤膜过滤后进样。用未涂覆熔融石英毛细管75μm×70 cm(有效长度:60 cm)作为分离柱。以10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠+20 mmol/L磷酸+7 mmol/L 4-甲基咪唑为分离缓冲体系。分离电压为28 k V,进样压力及时间为0.5 psi、10 s,检测波长为214 nm。结果胆碱的校正峰面积与质量浓度在8.7~86.8 mg/L范围内间线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9997、检出限为2.6 mg/L、定量限为8.7 mg/L,方法的日内和日间精密度分别为1.9%和3.9%(n=7)。3个质量浓度添加水平的平均加标回收率分别为98.8%、95.2%及97.6%,相应RSD分别为0.8%、0.9%及0.6%(n=5)。用本法分析了10件婴儿配方奶粉样品,均获满意结果。结论本方法简单、无需有机溶剂,适用于婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱的常规检测。     

基于概率分析的核电传热管降质失效评估方法研究

发展核电是国家能源安全战略的重要组成部分，核电安全是对核电事业发展的最基本要求。依据核电传热管的检测历史数据和专家数据，利用全概率理论和Bayes公式提出了对传热管降质完整性评估的概率计算方法。通过对应力腐蚀、疲劳损伤等影响因素的分析，实现了在不同应力腐蚀和疲劳损伤条件下对传热管降质分布的概率计算。该评估方法可以将多个影响因素共同作用的复杂问题，简化为单个影响因素的逐一修正问题，简化了计算和处理方法。该方法可为核电蒸汽发生器传热管的降质概率评估提供借鉴。     

微生物法与试剂盒法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中叶酸含量的方法比较

目的比较GB 5413.16-2010与试剂盒法测定的配方乳粉质控样品的叶酸含量。方法通过国标和试剂盒法各检测10组质控样品,得到20个检测数据,从检出限和相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)对2种方法进行方法学考察。结果国标法和试剂盒法叶酸测试结果平均值分别为231μg/100 g和228μg/100 g,RSD分别为8.36%和8.01%。2个方法测定结果的平均值偏差为1.16%,RSD值偏差为2.14%。结论国标法与试剂盒法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中叶酸含量的结果相近,实验室可以根据自身实际情况选择适合的检测方法。     

筛管压溃强度计算公式及适用性

针对筛管受地层中围压作用压溃失效缺乏通用计算分析模型的问题，利用ABAQUS软件建立了考虑初始椭圆度影响的平行布孔筛管有限元模型，研究外压作用下筛管的压溃行为。通过与文献中的实验结果对比表明，该有限元模型可准确地预测筛管的压溃强度。基于不同几何特征、材料特性以及布孔参数等筛管压溃强度数值模拟结果，建立了筛管压溃强度的简化计算公式。利用该计算公式，计算不同几何尺寸和材料属性的筛管压溃强度，与实验结果相比平均误差为7.0%。为了便于工程应用，分析了利用DNV，API等标准规范确定该公式中筛管对应的布孔前套管的静水压溃强度的可行性。结果表明，所建立的防砂筛管压溃强度计算公式可为实际工程中防砂筛管的强度预测与参数优化提供理论支持。     

柱前衍生液相色谱荧光检测法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖

目的建立一种柱前衍生高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖含量的分析方法。方法样品用2-氨基苯甲酰胺衍生后,经色谱柱分离,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测,外标峰加和分段法定量。结果建立的方法可以测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的低聚半乳糖含量。采用麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖、麦芽五糖、麦芽六糖和麦芽七糖建立标准曲线,在1～250μg/mL线性范围内相关系数(r~2)大于0.999。回收率为85.9%～103.5%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)小于5%,检出限为1.0 g/kg,定量限为3.0 g/kg。结论本方法方法重现性好,精密度高,解决了婴幼儿配方乳粉中高含量乳糖对低聚半乳糖测定的干扰问题,可以为食品中低聚半乳糖的定量提供良好的解决方案。     

Impact of Divalent Ions on Heavy Oil Recovery by in situ Emulsification

Many reservoir formation brines are characterized by high salinity and contain high concentrations of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These challenging conditions can render the surfactants ineffective during chemical flooding for enhanced heavy oil recovery. Various brine types can have an impact on the stability of emulsions generated with chemicals as chemicals have various resistant levels toward hard divalent ions and salinities. To investigate the impact of brine hardness on heavy oil-in-water emulsion stability, glass tube experiments, microscopic visualization and sandpack flooding experiments, and Hele-Shaw visualization experiments were conducted in this study under low-salinity/hard-brine, high-salinity/hard-brine conditions using commercial chemicals, which are designed for specific reservoir brine conditions. Recovery results demonstrated that complex colloidal solution introduced in the previous study with silica and Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) along with screened chemicals from glass tube tests in this study can enhance heavy oil recovery significantly with an addition of low concentration of xanthan gum (Lee and Babadagli 2018). The results confirmed the robustness of the complex colloidal solution formula to enhance oil recovery with low concentration of polymer under any reservoir brine conditions. The study also demonstrates the potential of polymer as an emulsion stabilization additive for enhanced heavy oil recovery by in situ emulsion generation. Polymer effects seemed to be particularly dominant under the low-salinity conditions than high-salinity conditions.     

运动食品能量棒的研究进展

运动食品能量棒含有优质合理的碳水化合物、蛋白质、维生素、矿物质等营养成分,具有营养全面、便携和食用方便等优势,能够快速为人体补充能量,同时帮助运动员缓解运动性疲劳、缓解肌肉酸痛、提高运动耐力。随着目前国民运动理念的不断提高,对运动食品的需求也日益增加,运动食品能量棒的开发和研究具有广阔的市场前景。本文从运动食品能量棒的配方及分类、功能特性、发展现状4个方面对运动食品能量棒的研究进展进行综述,为其开发与利用提供有益的借鉴。     

含局部减薄水电站压力钢管极限承载力计算公式研究

为了对在役含局部厚度减薄(简称局部减薄)水电站压力钢管进行安全评价,结合试验结果验证了局部减薄管道极限承载力分析方法的可靠性,遴选出极限承载力影响因素为管道跨度、材料强度参数和局部减薄几何参数,揭示了3种影响因素对极限承载力的影响规律,并结合一系列计算数据拟合了剩余强度系数与该影响因素之间的函数关系,建立了以材料强度、局部减薄几何参数为变量的含局部减薄水电站压力钢管极限承载力计算公式。结果表明,含局部减薄水电站压力钢管极限承载力计算公式较B31G-2009、DNV-101、GB/T 19624-2004等规范有更高的计算精度;含局部减薄管道跨度大于1.5倍管道直径时,跨度对管道极限承载力的影响可忽略;局部减薄深度、减薄轴向长度和减薄环向长度对管道极限承载力的影响依次减弱。     

近红外光谱快速检测婴幼儿配方乳粉中主要成分的方法研究

目的研究利用近红外光谱技术快速检测婴幼儿配方乳粉中主要成分的方法。方法收集12个品牌的婴幼儿配方乳粉共100份样品,采集10 000~4 000 cm-1波数范围内的近红外光谱,采用主成分回归和偏最小二乘法建立校正模型,并对比光谱预处理方法对模型的影响。结果采用偏最小二乘法建模,光谱采用标准正态变量变换预处理,模型预测效果最佳,主要成分蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、水分、灰分、可获得碳水化合物和能量的预测方差分别为98.44%、97.40%、96.18%、96.74%、96.97%、96.55%和95.35%,估计标准误差分别为0.354 2、0.473 8、0.201 4、0.105 8、0.093 61、0.520 7和13.64。对模型进行外部验证,将预测样品的7项主要成分的预测结果与实验室检测结果进行比较,相对误差及相对偏差均在5.00%以下,7项主要成分符合国家标准的精密度的要求。结论本方法能快速有效的测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、水分、灰分、可获得碳水化合物的质量分数及能量的含量。