Short communication: Development of an equation for estimating methane emissions of dairy cows from milk Fourier transform mid-infrared spectra by using reference data obtained exclusively from respiration chambers

Evaluation and mitigation of enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminant livestock, in particular from dairy cows, have acquired global importance for sustainable, climate-smart cattle production. Based on CH₄ reference measurements obtained with the SF₆ tracer technique to determine ruminal CH₄ production, a current equation permits evaluation of individual daily CH₄ emissions of dairy cows based on milk Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectra. However, the respiration chamber (RC) technique is considered to be more accurate than SF₆ to measure CH₄ production from cattle. This study aimed to develop an equation that allows estimating CH₄ emissions of lactating cows recorded in an RC from corresponding milk FT-MIR spectra and to challenge its robustness and relevance through validation processes and its application on a milk spectral database. This would permit confirming the conclusions drawn with the existing equation based on SF₆ reference measurements regarding the potential to estimate daily CH₄ emissions of dairy cows from milk FT-MIR spectra. A total of 584 RC reference CH₄ measurements (mean ± standard deviation of 400 ± 72 g of CH₄/d) and corresponding standardized milk mid-infrared spectra were obtained from 148 individual lactating cows between 7 and 321 d in milk in 5 European countries (Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, France, and Northern Ireland). The developed equation based on RC measurements showed calibration and cross-validation coefficients of determination of 0.65 and 0.57, respectively, which is lower than those obtained earlier by the equation based on 532 SF₆ measurements (0.74 and 0.70, respectively). This means that the RC-based model is unable to explain the variability observed in the corresponding reference data as well as the SF₆-based model. The standard errors of calibration and cross-validation were lower for the RC model (43 and 47 g/d vs. 66 and 70 g/d for the SF₆ version, respectively), indicating that the model based on RC data was closer to actual values. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of calibration of 42 g/d represents only 10% of the overall daily CH₄ production, which is 23 g/d lower than the RMSE for the SF₆-based equation. During the external validation step an RMSE of 62 g/d was observed. When the RC equation was applied to a standardized spectral database of milk recordings collected in the Walloon region of Belgium between January 2012 and December 2017 (1,515,137 spectra from 132,658 lactating cows in 1,176 different herds), an average ± standard deviation of 446 ± 51 g of CH₄/d was estimated, which is consistent with the range of the values measured using both RC and SF₆ techniques. This study confirmed that milk FT-MIR spectra could be used as a potential proxy to estimate daily CH₄ emissions from dairy cows provided that the variability to predict is covered by the model.     

网络匿名扫描系统设计及优化

针对网络扫描工具在进行扫描时面临的溯源问题，提出了一种匿名网络扫描系统。首先将匿名系统与网络扫描工具结合以实现匿名扫描；然后在现有匿名系统的基础上实现了该系统的本地私有化；接着通过流量分析发现，Nmap的多进程扫描因为代理链的原因会变成单进程扫描而导致其扫描扫描性能较低；最后提出了一种基于多Namp进程并发的性能优化方案，将总体扫描任务分割为多个扫描任务，并分配给多个单独的Nmap进程并行运行。实验结果表明，该性能优化方案的扫描时延接近正常扫描情况下的时延，达到了提高匿名扫描系统性能的目的。因此，该优化后的网络匿名扫描系统在阻碍溯源的同时提升了扫描效率。     

Invited review: Large-scale indirect measurements for enteric methane emissions in dairy cattle: A review of proxies and their potential for use in management and breeding decisions

Efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of milk production through selection and management of low-emitting cows require accurate and large-scale measurements of methane (CH₄) emissions from individual cows. Several techniques have been developed to measure CH₄ in a research setting but most are not suitable for large-scale recording on farm. Several groups have explored proxies (i.e., indicators or indirect traits) for CH₄; ideally these should be accurate, inexpensive, and amenable to being recorded individually on a large scale. This review (1) systematically describes the biological basis of current potential CH₄ proxies for dairy cattle; (2) assesses the accuracy and predictive power of single proxies and determines the added value of combining proxies; (3) provides a critical evaluation of the relative merit of the main proxies in terms of their simplicity, cost, accuracy, invasiveness, and throughput; and (4) discusses their suitability as selection traits. The proxies range from simple and low-cost measurements such as body weight and high-throughput milk mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) to more challenging measures such as rumen morphology, rumen metabolites, or microbiome profiling. Proxies based on rumen samples are generally poor to moderately accurate predictors of CH₄, and are costly and difficult to measure routinely on-farm. Proxies related to body weight or milk yield and composition, on the other hand, are relatively simple, inexpensive, and high throughput, and are easier to implement in practice. In particular, milk MIR, along with covariates such as lactation stage, are a promising option for prediction of CH₄ emission in dairy cows. No single proxy was found to accurately predict CH₄, and combinations of 2 or more proxies are likely to be a better solution. Combining proxies can increase the accuracy of predictions by 15 to 35%, mainly because different proxies describe independent sources of variation in CH₄ and one proxy can correct for shortcomings in the other(s). The most important applications of CH₄ proxies are in dairy cattle management and breeding for lower environmental impact. When breeding for traits of lower environmental impact, single or multiple proxies can be used as indirect criteria for the breeding objective, but care should be taken to avoid unfavorable correlated responses. Finally, although combinations of proxies appear to provide the most accurate estimates of CH₄, the greatest limitation today is the lack of robustness in their general applicability. Future efforts should therefore be directed toward developing combinations of proxies that are robust and applicable across diverse production systems and environments.     

Extending RSA cryptosystems to proxy multi‐signature scheme allowing parallel individual signing operation

Abstract

Even though there have been many research studies on proxy signature schemes, only Shao's proxy multi‐signature scheme is based on the factoring problem (FAC). Unfortunately, Shao's scheme requires sequential signing operations and strict order of the modulus. It is not practical and not efficient. We, therefore, based on RSA cryptosystems, propose new proxy‐protected mono‐signature and proxy‐protected multi‐signature schemes. In contrast to their counterparts, our scheme allows parallel signing operations and also improves the signers’ computational performance.     

强前向安全代理签名方案的安全性分析及改进

前向安全的密码体制可以有效地降低密钥泄露对安全性的影响。利用刘亚丽等人提出的方法[2],对张波等人提出的强前向安全的代理签名方案(Zhang方案)[1]进行分析,指出该方案既不满足后向安全性,也不满足前向安全性。基于以上分析结果,对Zhang方案进行改进,设计出一个前向安全的代理签名方案,安全性分析表明,改进方案是一个真正前向安全的代理签名方案。     

冶金过程控制开发平台中进程通信系统的开发及应用

在冶金计算机过程控制系统中,软件系统通常按照功能和作用范围不同划分为若干个子系统。为使这些子系统协调工作,需解决分布式进程间的通信问题。为此,北京首钢自动化信息技术有限公司自主研发了分布式进程通信系统,采用进程通信中间件解决进程问通信问题,同时采用进程通信代理器解决计算机之间的通信问题,并在Windows操作系统环境下成功地搭建了分布式进程通信网络。目前该系统已在京唐钢铁公司和首秦金属材料公司连铸过程控制系统中得到了应用且运行稳定。实践证明,该系统性能优越、可靠性强且简单易用。     

一种能抵抗公钥替换的代理多重签名方案设计

使用线性设计了一个基于身份的代理多重签名方案,并对这个方案设计的有关情况进行了分析。该方案设计具有前向安全性,克服了现有的代理多重签名方案不能抵抗公钥替换和合谋攻击的缺点。在实际应用过程中,能抵抗公钥替换和合谋攻击。     

变电站巡检机器人软件系统的设计

变电站巡检机器人主要应用于室外变电站的设备巡视检查,一定程度上代替了人工巡检,提高了变电站的自动化程度。其软件系统包括移动站、基站、集控站,为了适应整个系统不断变化的要求,软件系统需要具有很好的灵活性和可扩展性。采用代理机制,将具体的设备屏蔽,可以很好的应对物理设备的变化。在此基础上给出了移动站、机器人代理、基站、集控站的设计和实现,并将基站和集控站作为后台软件进行统一设计和实现。     

一个前向安全的代理签名方案的分析与改进

对一种已有的安全代理签名方案进行了安全性分析,指出它的不安全性.然后,改进了这个方案,并分析了新方案的安全性.