水浴振荡碱消解-火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中六价铬

建立了水浴振荡碱消解-火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中的六价铬的方法。称取经风干、研磨并过0.15 mm孔径筛的土壤样品2.0 g(精确至0.01 g)置于150 mL锥形瓶中,加入25.0 mL碱性提取溶液,再加入400 mg氯化镁和0.5 mL磷酸氢二钾-磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液,用聚乙稀薄膜封口,置于水浴恒温振荡器中。常温振荡样品5 min后,开启加热装置,加热水浴振荡至90～95℃,保持90 min。取下,冷却至室温。过滤,用硝酸调节溶液pH至7.5±0.5,将此溶液定容至50 mL容量瓶中,摇匀,待测。该方法采用水浴振荡碱消解的前处理方式进行土壤中六价铬的全消解,代替了磁力搅拌加热方式的消解,优化了前处理条件,简化了试验步骤,节约了分析测试时间,提高了分析效率,此方法还有利于处理大批量土壤样品。探讨了样品前处理提取温度的优化选择、氯化镁加入量的研究优化、提取时间的优化选择、pH值的优化以及三价铬干扰试验的影响。确认了最优化的仪器条件,对六价铬做了线性范围测试,曲线相关系数均在0.999以上。依据HJ 168—2020方法做了检出限,六价铬的检出限为0.5 mg/kg,以4倍检出限做测定下限,则测定下限为2.0 mg/kg。(取样量为2.0 g,定容体积为50 mL)。选取GBW(E)07251—255系列标准物质进行测试试验,试验结果的精密度和准确度均可满足土壤环境监测技术规范的要求。     

Experimental study on the propagation characteristics of hydrogen/methane/air premixed flames in a narrow channel

This work is focused on the explosion characteristics of premixed gas containing different volume fractions of hydrogen in a narrow channel (1000 mm × 50 mm × 10 mm) under the circumstance of stoichiometric ratio. The ignition positions were set in the closed end and the middle of the pipeline respectively. The results showed that when the gas was ignited at the pipeline closed end, the propagating flame was tulip structure for different premixed gas. When the hydrogen volume fraction was less than 40%, the flame propagation speed increased significantly with the rise of hydrogen volume fraction, and the overpressure peak also appeared obviously in advance. However, when the volume fraction of hydrogen was more than 40%, the increase of flame propagation speed and the overpressure peak occurrence time varied slightly. Furthermore, when the ignition position was placed in the middle of the pipeline, the flame propagation speed propagating to the opening end was much faster than that propagating to the closing end, and there was no tulip shape when the flame propagates to the opening end. The flame propagating to the closed end appeared tulip shape under the influence of airflow, and high-frequency flame oscillation occurred during the propagation. This work shows that the hydrogen volume fraction and ignition position significantly affected the flame structure, flame front speed, and explosion overpressure.     

Astrocyte Ca2+ Waves and Subsequent Non-Synchronized Ca2+ Oscillations Coincide with Arteriole Diameter Changes in Response to Spreading Depolarization

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of mass depolarization that causes profound perfusion changes in acute cerebrovascular diseases. Although the astrocyte response is secondary to the neuronal depolarization with SD, it remains to be explored how glial activity is altered after the passage of SD. Here, we describe post-SD high frequency astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations in the mouse somatosensory cortex. The intracellular Ca²⁺ changes of SR101 labeled astrocytes and the SD-related arteriole diameter variations were simultaneously visualized by multiphoton microscopy in anesthetized mice. Post-SD astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations were identified as Ca²⁺ events non-synchronized among astrocytes in the field of view. Ca²⁺ oscillations occurred minutes after the Ca²⁺ wave of SD. Furthermore, fewer astrocytes were involved in Ca²⁺ oscillations at a given time, compared to Ca²⁺ waves, engaging all astrocytes in the field of view simultaneously. Finally, our data confirm that astrocyte Ca²⁺ waves coincide with arteriolar constriction, while post-SD Ca²⁺ oscillations occur with the peak of the SD-related vasodilation. This is the first in vivo study to present the post-SD astrocyte Ca²⁺ oscillations. Our results provide novel insight into the spatio-temporal correlation between glial reactivity and cerebral arteriole diameter changes behind the SD wavefront.     

A high-throughput chaotic advection microreactor for preparation of uniform and aggregated barium sulfate nanoparticles

A high-throughput (105.5 g/h) passive four-stage asymmetric oscillating feedback microreactor using chaotic mixing mechanism was developed to prepare aggregated Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) particles of high primary nanoparticle size uniformity. Three-dimensional unsteady simulations showed that chaotic mixing could be induced by three unique secondary flows (i.e., vortex, recirculation, and oscillation), and the fluid oscillation mechanism was examined in detail. Simulations and Villermaux–Dushman experiments indicate that almost complete mixing down to molecular level can be achieved and the prepared BaSO₄ nanoparticles were with narrow primary particle size distribution (PSD) having geometric standard deviation, σ_g, less than 1.43 when the total volumetric flow rate Q_total was larger than 10 ml/min. By selecting Q_total and reactant concentrations, average primary particle size can be controlled from 23 to 109 nm as determined by microscopy. An average size of 26 nm with narrow primary PSD (σ_g = 1.22) could be achieved at Q_total of 160 ml/min.     

The effect of vent burst pressure on a vented hydrogen–air deflagration in a 1 m3 vessel

A series of experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of vent burst pressure on stoichiometric hydrogen–air premixed flame propagation and pressure history in a 1 m³ rectangular vessel in this paper. Pressure buildup and flame evolution are recorded using piezoelectric pressure transducers and a high-speed camera, respectively. The results show typical pressure peaks of three different mechanisms for all vent burst pressures in the experiments. The first pressure peak, generated by the rupture of the vent cover, increases with the vent failure pressure, with the subsequent outflow inertia of combustion products giving rise to a negative pressure. The second pressure peak results from the constant bulk motion of the flame bubble (the Helmholtz oscillation), and the third is produced by the interaction between the combustion waves and the acoustic waves. The time interval between the first pressure peak and the second pressure transient remained nearly constant. The Helmholtz oscillation always appears as the vent ruptures and its magnitude increases with the vent burst pressure. Furthermore, the lower the vent failure pressure, the longer the Helmholtz oscillation is sustained. The peak of the acoustically enhanced pressure always occurs within several milliseconds of the flame front touching the vessel. From a theoretical perspective, Rasbash's equation models the relationship between the maximum reduced explosion overpressure and the vent burst pressure precisely. Also, it is observed that the maximum lengths of the external flames were found to be nearly identical in all tests, but the average propagation rate of the flame front increases with the vent burst pressure. It is interesting that a phenomenon of intense oscillation of internal flame bubble was observed with the increase of vent burst pressure.     

撞击流反应器撞击面稳定性研究进展

撞击流技术因其良好的混合特性近些年用于强化制备超细粉体反应中的混合过程。撞击面的稳定影响反应器内的混合效果，所以本文对撞击面稳定性的研究进行了综述。撞击流反应器不同结构形式包括平面撞击流、轴对称撞击流和微型撞击流等。文中简述了撞击流稳定性的实验研究手段，分析轴对称撞击流反应器的径向偏转振荡的起止条件和不同喷嘴间距下的轴向偏移振荡规律，并且分析平面撞击流反应器的撞击面偏转周期以及偏转振荡的起止条件。得出轴对称撞击流与平面撞击流撞击面驻点的振荡对混合都有促进作用，并且偏移振荡周期不定，轴对称撞击面偏移振幅与喷嘴间距和雷诺数相关。平面撞击流的偏转振荡周期与进口流速成反比，反应器结构参数是撞击流稳定性的影响因素之一。根据轴对称撞击流偏移振荡对混合的促进作用，本文提出一种新型的预设流量波形双组撞击流反应器。新型撞击流反应器的独特结构克服了物料反应通道单一缺点，通过预设波形控制其进口流量，增大其撞击面偏移振幅，消除撞击面无序振荡，使流动轨迹扩展，扩大混合区域，并设计实验装置与方法讨论动态流量撞击流反应器撞击面稳定性对混合效果的影响。最后，本文对轴对称撞击流反应器的混合性能研究前景进行展望。     

燕窝及其伪品电化学指纹图谱的研究

基于BrO3--Ce2+-H+-丙二酸振荡反应体系,以燕窝水解液为底物,在反应温度为35℃,搅拌速度为500 r/min的条件下,可得到重现性好的稳定电化学指纹图谱。不同种类燕窝及燕窝伪品的电化学指纹图谱不尽相同,指纹图谱峰形、振荡周期、振荡寿命等特征参数可作为燕窝及其伪品鉴别的有效依据。     

不凝结气体对蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡强度的影响

对含不凝结气体（空气）的蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性进行了实验研究。研究发现，含有少量不凝结气体时，蒸汽浸没射流凝结形态发生显著变化。含不凝结气体的压力振荡强度较纯蒸汽时明显变小，但含有少量不凝结气体的压力振荡强度随空气质量分数的增加整体呈缓慢上升趋势。压力振荡强度随径向距离的增加而单调减小，随轴向距离的增加先增大后逐渐减小，存在压力振荡峰值，且随空气质量分数的增加，压力振荡峰值位置沿轴向后移。压力振荡峰值位置在轴向无量纲距离X=3和X=12之间。不同过冷水温度下，压力振荡峰值随空气质量分数变化的趋势不同。压力振荡峰值的位置即压力振荡最强的位置位于核心汽羽的尾部。     

基于不可靠通信链路的数据共享模块

随着企业规模的逐步扩大和计算机网络与企业信息技术的飞速发展，大中型企业陆续建立了很多业务系统，对各个系统之间数据同步的安全性提出了更高的需求。针对此需求，基于RabbitMQ消息队列中间件，本文设计并实现基于不可靠通信链路的数据共享模块，解决在企业内部两级数据中心之间的双向数据同步问题，并通过RabbitMQ的消息确认机制和持久化机制，保证数据的安全送达、无丢失。经过实践证明，该数据共享模块功能稳定，可提高两级数据中心的数据传输效率并保证其安全性。     

A resilient buffer allocation scheme in active queue management: a stochastic cooperative game theoretic approach

During the last decade, a plentiful number of active queue management schemes have been proposed, but their main objectives are simply allocating the buffer resource to all flows evenly, or protecting responsive flows from being degraded by unresponsive flows. However, the sending rates of the responsive flows can be determined diversely, and not all unresponsive flows have aggressively high sending rates. Furthermore, it is rational to reserve a portion of the buffer resource for certain privileged traffic. Grounded by these evidences, in this paper, we present a resilient active queue management algorithm, named Prior‐Core‐based Buffer Allocation considering diverse congestion control algorithms, fair‐unresponsive flows, and some privileged traffic. Our approach is based on stochastic cooperative game theory, where the payoffs yielded by cooperation are described by random variables, and the core is defined only over the distribution of these random payoffs; the core in this situation is called the prior‐core. As a result, it is shown that our buffer allocation, yielded by the prior‐core, achieves completely fair allocation for those flows whose requirement does not exceed the fair‐share regardless of the responsiveness, whereas aggressive flows are restricted according to availability of the buffer; all these are verified through ns‐2 simulation experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.