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1.
目的 研究美国FDA食品召回现状,为我国开展相应工作提供可借鉴的经验。方法 从FDA官方网站收集2019年食品召回信息,对数据进行筛选、整理,用EXCEL 2013进行数据分析。结果 从2019年FDA发布的每周执法报告中收集到的有效数据,共涉及461起召回事件和1 734种次召回食品。约60%的召回属于Ⅱ级,Ⅰ级大约占1/3,Ⅲ级最少。召回食品中,奶类最多,共310种次,占17.88%。召回原因中,微生物污染最多,占召回食品的37.89%、召回事件的31.45%。未标明过敏原导致的召回事件最多,占35.01%,但召回食品仅占18.40%。过程不当召回事件仅为3.47%,召回食品却高达24.63%。99%以上的事件和食品是企业自主召回,只有4起由FDA强制召回。结论 美国食品召回体系运行高效。FDA统一发布召回信息,方便公众查询和参与。过程不当召回事件少但召回量大,充分显示了生产过程监管的高效性。企业具有很强的安全责任意识,绝大多数召回由企业主动实施。我国的食品安全管理和召回工作,要进一步落实信息发布和交流,提高公众的参与度;努力转变终产品监管模式,发挥过程监管的作用;完善监督管理机制,努力提高企业的食品安全责任意识。  相似文献   
2.
依托实践经验和教训,从业务角度分析研究有色金属矿山工程技术项目尾款拖欠的形成机理和催收要点,全寿命周期探讨该类经营管理问题的解决途径,结合业务、财务、法务专业知识,提出一系列有深度可借鉴的见解及措施,如:1)催收工作要注意客户性质、客户经营情况、客户人员变化、项目完成瑕疵、乙方管理特征等具体情况采用不同的催收沟通办法;2)建议利用奖惩激励、诉前保全、信用保险、商业保理等工具达到催收或出表目的;3)提醒进行财产损失处理来结束确认不能回收项目的内部管理流程;4)提议利用履约担保、质量担保、客户分级管理等措施来控制回款风险。  相似文献   
3.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Food Reporting and Comparison Study (FORCS) compares nutrient and food group estimates obtained from recalls collected through the web-based Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24) to those from standard interviewer-administered telephone recalls among 1054 adults. Within the ASA24 software, respondents may choose to enter open-ended text to report “unfound food” and “other, specify.” Respondents use the“unfound food” field to report a food or drink they cannot find; the ASA24 system then asks a series of general questions to better identify the food. Respondents use the “other, specify” field to provide food details, such as brand name or cooking method, that differ from the responses offered by ASA24. When respondents use these two open-ended text fields, the system assigns default food codes. Nutritionists reviewed these codes and assigned new codes when appropriate. Nutrient and My Pyramid Equivalent (MPE) values from default food codes (unedited) andthe researcher assigned food codes (edited)were compared. Of the 716 food codes evaluated, changes were made to 248 foods (1.5% of total foods reported) which affected 194 (19.1%) of all recalls and required over 60 hours of specialized staff time. Although 43% of the 1013 completed recalls included at least one of the two text field responses, the ASA24 systemassigned acceptable default food codes 68% of the time.Editing did not significantly affect the means and ranking for most nutrients and food group MPE values; correlation coefficients for energy and macronutrient values before and after editing were 0.95 or higher, suggesting that this editingmaynot be necessary for most large studies using ASA24.  相似文献   
4.
Background: Dietary patterns are often considered as one of the main causes of non-communicable diseases worldwide. It is of utmost importance to study dietary habits in developing countries since this work is scarce.

Objective: To summarize the most recent research conducted in this field in African countries, namely the most used methodologies and tools.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted on MEDLINE®/PubMed, aiming to identify scientific publications focused on studies of dietary intake of different African populations, in a ten-year period. Papers not written in English/Portuguese/Spanish, studies developed among African people but not developed in African countries, studies aiming to assess a particular nutrient/specific food/food toxin and studies that assessed dietary intake among children were excluded.

Findings: Out of 99 included studies, the 24-hour recall and the food-frequency questionnaire were the most used dietary intake assessment tools, used to assess diet at an individual level. It was also observed that often country-unspecific food composition databases are used, and the methodologies employed are poorly validated and standardized.

Conclusions: There is an emergent need to improve the existing food databases by updating food data and to develop suitable country-specific databases for those that do not have their own food composition table.  相似文献   

5.
本文从社会、法制和运作三个方面分析我国产品召回保险发展落后的原因,提出我国应将缺陷产品召回制度设计为强制险,在法制建设中应提高违法成本以引导义务主体投保,给予财政支持以提高保险公司开办该险种的积极性,提高保险公司的承保能力以使该险种能发挥其应有功能.  相似文献   
6.
Tracking systems have been widely used to resolve the issues of product recall and food safety. Thus far, few researches have been done on designing the tracking capability from the perspective of supply chain. In this paper, using the traceable unit size at the manufacturer level to measure the tracking capability, we propose a non-convex non-linear programming to jointly optimise the tracking capability and price considering the tracking cost and recall cost in a supply chain with endogenous pricing. Results show that, in both centralised and decentralised supply chains, there is a unique tracking capability and retailing/wholesale price with closed-form solutions to optimise the supply chain profit. When the cost ratio (unit tracking cost/unit recall cost) is sufficiently large and small, the optimal tracking strategy is barcode tracking and unit tracking, respectively, and otherwise, the optimal tracking strategy is batch tracking with an economic traceable unit size which depends on the cost ratio, quality inspection threshold, supply defection rate and the supplier’s tracking capability. Furthermore, in the context of large and small cost ratio, we find that improving tracking capability will enlarge and mitigate the effect of double marginalisation, respectively. In particular, we find that the strict tracking regulation policy is more robust than the subsidy policy to improve the supply chain tracking capability.  相似文献   
7.
刘超 《甘肃冶金》2010,32(6):25-28
本文对目前榆钢高炉生产的风量环境进行了分析,阐述了三机并联运行的弊端。介绍了"三机一体"的BPRT节能技术,通过对BPRT技术应用的实际数据进行分析,统计出BPRT技术的能量回收利用率。提出通过鼓风机技术改造解决榆钢高炉入炉风量需要,论证了榆钢高炉鼓风机改造能够实现短期回收投资,并预测了BPRT技术的应用前景。  相似文献   
8.
总结制药企业在2010版药品GMP实施过程中召回管理的现状,并分析存在问题,包括对产品召回持消极态度,召回管理方面培训不到位,操作规程缺乏可操作性,有效性评估不足等。建议制药企业必须重视产品召回的管理,严格按照2010版药品GMP的要求积极建立召回系统。  相似文献   
9.
Intense pain is often exaggerated in retrospective evaluations, indicating a possible divergence between experience and memory. However, little is known regarding how people retrospectively evaluate experiences with both pleasant and unpleasant aspects. The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM; Kahneman. Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004b) provides a unique opportunity to examine memory-experience gaps in recollections of individual days, which elicit a wide gamut of emotions. We asked female participants (N = 810, Study 1, and N = 615, Study 2) to reconstruct episodes of the previous day using the DRM and demonstrated that memory and experience diverge for both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. When they rated their day overall in a retrospectively evaluative frame of mind, the participants recalled more unpleasant and pleasant emotions than they reported feeling during the individual episodes, with a larger gap for unpleasant emotions than for pleasant emotions. The findings suggest that separate processes are used for committing positive and negative events to memory and that, especially when unpleasant emotions are involved, prudence is favored over accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   
10.
We often experience intense emotions when we enter fictional worlds in film and literature and often shed real tears. The goal of this study was to determine whether emotional reactions (sadness and anxiety) to fiction are distinguishable from emotional reactions to fact. Fifty-nine young adults rated their sadness and anxiety levels in response to 4 film clips, 2 presented as fiction, 2 as nonfiction, and in response to the recall of an actual sad event personally experienced. Participants experienced equivalent levels of sadness and anxiety in response to films presented as fictional or factual. They also experienced equivalent levels of sadness in response to films and in response to a sad personal event. Anxiety levels, however, were significantly higher in response to personally experienced events. The fact that sadness elicited by films is unadulterated by the anxiety that accompanies the sadness of personal experience may explain, in part, the pleasure we derive from watching sad films. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   
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