Effect of chlorine on the viscosities and structures of blast furnace slags

The viscosity of CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO–CaCl₂ slags (C/S?=?1.12) were investigated to elucidate the effects of chlorine ranging from 0.02 to 0.53?mass% on the blast furnace slags at high temperatures. Moreover, the Raman spectra of the quenched slags and the X-ray diffraction patterns of the slags cooled in air after viscosity measurement were thoroughly analysed to interpret the transformation of the structures of the slags with increasing the content of chlorine. The viscosity was found to decrease slightly with the increase of chlorine at a given temperature higher than 1673?K, and the critical temperature (T_CR) decreased from about 1660 to 1590?K simultaneously which was possibly deriving from the precipitation of Ca₂Al₂SiO₇, Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃–xCl₄ x and SiO₂ in higher chlorine content. The degree of polymerisation for silicon–oxygen tetrahedra was found to decrease estimating from the decrease of the average amount of bridging oxygen calculated from the deconvolution results of the Raman spectra of the quenched slags, which provided the explanation for the decrease in viscosity. And that the apparent activation energy of the slags was commonly reduced by chlorine increasing demonstrated the decrease in the degree of polymerisation of molten slags simultaneously.     

A uniform nodal strain tetrahedron with isochoric stabilization

A stabilized node‐based uniform strain tetrahedral element is presented and analyzed for finite deformation elasticity. The element is based on linear interpolation of a classical displacement‐based tetrahedral element formulation but applies nodal averaging of the deformation gradient to improve mechanical behavior, especially in the regime of near‐incompressibility where classical linear tetrahedral elements perform very poorly. This uniform strain approach adopted here exhibits spurious modes as has been previously reported in the literature. We present a new type of stabilization exploiting the circumstance that the instability in the formulation is related to the isochoric strain energy contribution only and we therefore present a stabilization based on an isochoric–volumetric splitting of the stress tensor. We demonstrate that by stabilizing the isochoric energy contributions only, reintroduction of volumetric locking through the stabilization can be avoided. The isochoric–volumetric splitting can be applied for all types of materials with only minor restrictions and leads to a formulation that demonstrates impressive performance in examples provided. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Investigation on the Microstructure of Metallurgical Molten Slags and the Foundation of the Primary Cluster Theory

This paper presents the characteristics of the properties of metallurgical molten slags based on the bond structure or the existence of certain ion clusters. Some experimental and theoretical approaches were adopted in the investigation. Two sets of high temperature Raman spectroscopy (HTRS) were established at Shanghai University; both can be successfully operated at 2000K or higher. One of them combines the accumulated time resolution together with the spatial resolution, and it is designed for both ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light. The SiOT model uses 5 kinds of Si‐O tetrahedra (Q_n) as microsturctural units. In this model, each sample contains 250000 or more tetrahedra. The calculation using a GF matrix and electro‐optical parameter (EOP) methods were performed for every tetrahedron one by one to determine the partial Raman spectra of Q_n. Then the spectra were integrated to obtain an envelope of the sample. In addition to the SiOT model, a CEMS model was also developed to link the ion cluster structure and the thermodynamic properties at equilibrium (as mixing free energy).     

并行精确排序的快速投影四面体体绘制

投影四面体法需要对四面体集合进行逐帧排序,而相邻四面体之间的顺序制约和依赖性限制了并行排序的效率.基于以上问题,提出一种视点相关的、基于逻辑切割的快速四面体集合精确排序方法.该方法分为4个串行步骤:首先沿视线方向将四面体集合所在空间剖分成一列有序的深度区间,每个区间包含一组四面体子集;然后并行地对每个区间的子集逐层提取互不遮挡的四面体,完成精确排序;再将区间边界上的四面体进行逻辑切割,并采用分段积分计算所有四面体在区间内的颜色贡献;最后按序沿视线方向累积所有区间的颜色贡献.实验结果表明,文中方法提高了四面体拓扑排序的并行度,极大地降低了排序时间,并大幅度地改进了绘制效率.     

基于医学体数据生成四面体网格的方法

为了从医学体数据直接构造四面体网格,提出一种基于栅格的网格生成算法.该算法的主要思想是从背景栅格中提取并填充代表区域边界的等值面.首先,对医学体数据进行预处理与采样,构建一个背景栅格.其次,用对偶方法从栅格提取三角表面网格,用于分段线性逼近等值面.然后,对栅格中所有位于等值面之内或与等值面相交的立方体,用预定义的模板分解成四面体单元.最后,用Laplacian平滑技术优化四面体网格.在均匀网格的基础上,研究了自适应网格生成算法,在保持网格几何精度的同时精简单元数量,以提高有限元计算效率.给出了从CT数据生成人体股骨远端四面体网格的实例,该网格模型被用于虚拟膝关节镜手术.     

Real‐time haptic manipulation and cutting of hybrid soft tissue models by extended position‐based dynamics

This paper systematically describes an interactive dissection approach for hybrid soft tissue models governed by extended position‐based dynamics. Our framework makes use of a hybrid geometric model comprising both surface and volumetric meshes. The fine surface triangular mesh with high‐precision geometric structure and texture at the detailed level is employed to represent the exterior structure of soft tissue models. Meanwhile, the interior structure of soft tissues is constructed by coarser tetrahedral mesh, which is also employed as physical model participating in dynamic simulation. The less details of interior structure can effectively reduce the computational cost during simulation. For physical deformation, we design and implement an extended position‐based dynamics approach that supports topology modification and material heterogeneities of soft tissue. Besides stretching and volume conservation constraints, it enforces the energy preserving constraints, which take the different spring stiffness of material into account and improve the visual performance of soft tissue deformation. Furthermore, we develop mechanical modeling of dissection behavior and analyze the system stability. The experimental results have shown that our approach affords real‐time and robust cutting without sacrificing realistic visual performance. Our novel dissection technique has already been integrated into a virtual reality‐based laparoscopic surgery simulator. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using degenerate Bézier triangles and tetrahedra to subdivide Bézier curves

This paper looks at the classical subdivision algorithm for Bézier curves. This algoritm allows the direct construction of the control points of the curve. A generalization of this technique is obtained.     

Almost Regular Triangulations of Trimmend NURBS-Solids

An algorithm for constructing triangulations of three-dimensional trimmed NURBS-solids is described. Ideally, such triangulations consist entirely of congruent tetrahedra with nearly equal edges. The new feature of this method is that the position of the vertices is adjusted before any connecting edges are assigned. This leads to grids with very few irregular vertices, i.e. most interior vertices are shared by 24 tetrahedra, as for regular tessellations of R 3 with congruent tetrahedra.     

An adaptive strategy for <Emphasis Type="Italic">hp</Emphasis>-FEM based on testing for analyticity

We present an hp-adaptive strategy that is based on estimating the decay of the expansion coefficients when a function is expanded in L ²-orthogonal polynomials on a triangle or a tetrahedron. We justify this approach by showing that the decay of the coefficients is exponential if and only if the function is analytic. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of this approach, and we compare it with two other hp-adaptive strategies.