Fraction of design space plots for evaluating ridge estimators in mixture experiments

When the component proportions in mixture experiments are restricted by lower and upper bounds, the design space can become an irregular region that can induce multicollinearity among the component proportions. Thus, we suggest the use of ridge regression as a means of stabilizing the estimates of the coefficients in the fitted model. We use fraction of design space plots and violin plots to illustrate and evaluate the effect of ridge regression estimators with respect to the prediction variance and to guide the decision about the value of ridge constant k. We illustrate the methods with three examples from the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-Valued Performance Metrics for Real-Time Embedded Systems

To rapidly explore the design space of a real-time embedded system, it is essential to be able to efficiently analyze the timing behaviors of different system architectures. This includes not only determining if a design can satisfy all the timing constraints but also comparing the timing performance of different designs for tradeoff purposes. Understanding the exact timing behavior of a large system can be computationally prohibitive. Previous work in this area has mostly focused on producing a yes/no answer to the schedulability of a system architecture under the worst-case scenario. This not only often leads to overly pessimistic designs, but also provides no insight as how to rank different architectural designs with respect to their timing performance. In this paper, we present several metrics that may be used to measure the timing performance of a design. The metrics were analyzed using workloads from both real-world task systems and randomly generated task systems. A superior metric has been identified through analysis of large sets of experiments. We also show, through an example, how this metric can be used effectively during a design exploration process.     

基于水权分配与交易的水管理机制研究 ——以新疆塔里木河流域为例

结合新疆塔里木河流域的实际情况，首先从对策论的角度对水资源在上、中、下游地区分配使用的冲突进行了剖析，认为计划经济体制下行政命令式的水管理概念和模式越来越难以适应稀缺程度不断加剧的水资源分配和利用形势。现行水管理机制缺乏相应的利益调节和经济激励手段。作者从水资源产权界定、分配和交易的角度对塔里木河流域水管理机制创新进行了分析和探讨。基于水权分配和交易的流域水管理机制模式为其它流域水资源分配利用和全国水资源实现可持续发展和管理提供了有益的思路。     

能效与资源优化的超蜂窝移动通信系统基础研究

移动通信网的发展正面临以受限的频谱与能量大幅度提高网络容量的严峻挑战,需要从系统和网络的角度探索频谱与能量的高效利用机理与方法.提出一种全新的超蜂窝体系架构,将网络中的控制信令与业务数据传输在覆盖上进行适度分离,实现资源与业务的弹性匹配,联合优化频谱和能量效率,满足未来移动通信网大容量和低能耗的双重需求.分别介绍了超蜂窝体系架构下的网络能效理论、高能效的传输与网络协作、业务建模与高能效服务,最后给出了超蜂窝系统的演示验证平台.     

All updateable objects in working memory are updated whenever any of them are modified: Evidence from the memory updating paradigm.

In a series of experiments, participants were required to keep track of 1 or 2 working memory (WM) objects, having to update their values in 80% of the trials. Updating cost, defined as the difference between update and non-update trials, was larger when 2 objects were involved compared with when there was only 1 object was involved. This finding was interpreted as evidence that the updating process encompasses both objects in WM, even though only 1 of them is actually updated. This feature of WM updating is limited to objects defined as "updateable," throughout the trial sequence. The results are explained by the need to reprogram the phonological loop when updating or the need for desynchronization followed by resynchronization of WM contents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cycle detection using a stack

We present an algorithm for detecting periodicity in sequences produced by repeated application of a given function. Our algorithm uses logarithmic memory with high probability, runs in linear time, and is guaranteed to stop within the second loop through the cycle. We also present a partitioning technique that offers a time/memory tradeoff. Our algorithm is especially well suited for sequences where the cycle length is typically small compared to the length of the acyclic prefix.     

Speed–accuracy tradeoff in Fitts’ law tasks—on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision

Pointing tasks in human–computer interaction obey certain speed–accuracy tradeoff rules. In general, the more accurate the task to be accomplished, the longer it takes and vice versa. Fitts’ law models the speed–accuracy tradeoff effect in pointing as imposed by the task parameters, through Fitts’ index of difficulty (I_d) based on the ratio of the nominal movement distance and the size of the target. Operating with different speed or accuracy biases, performers may utilize more or less area than the target specifies, introducing another subjective layer of speed–accuracy tradeoff relative to the task specification. A conventional approach to overcome the impact of the subjective layer of speed–accuracy tradeoff is to use the a posteriori “effective” pointing precision W_e in lieu of the nominal target width W. Such an approach has lacked a theoretical or empirical foundation. This study investigates the nature and the relationship of the two layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff by systematically controlling both I_d and the index of target utilization I_u in a set of four experiments. Their results show that the impacts of the two layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff are not fundamentally equivalent. The use of W_e could indeed compensate for the difference in target utilization, but not completely. More logical Fitts’ law parameter estimates can be obtained by the W_e adjustment, although its use also lowers the correlation between pointing time and the index of difficulty. The study also shows the complex interaction effect between I_d and I_u, suggesting that a simple and complete model accommodating both layers of speed–accuracy tradeoff may not exist.     

具有瑞利平坦衰落信道的线性系统线性二次高斯控制

网络化控制系统中的通信约束问题一直是人们关注的焦点. 本文讨论了具有信号衰落约束的线性系统的线性二次高斯(LQG)控制问题, 其中系统输出经放大后通过瑞利平坦衰落信道传输到控制器. 针对控制器与通信信号放大设计的折中问题, 本文在系统二次型性能指标中进一步考虑通信过程的能量消耗, 并基于离线设计放大系数, 给出了有限时域下控制信号与放大系数的设计方法. 对于线性定常系统, 采用本文方法设计得到的放大系数在时间趋于无穷时将为常数, 基于此, 本文进一步将方法推广到无限时域情形. 仿真结果说明了本文方法的有效性及其性能.     

The response-signal method reveals age-related changes in object working memory.

Sixteen healthy young adults (ages 18-32) and 16 healthy older adults (ages 67-81) completed a delayed response task in which they saw the following visual sequence: memory stimuli (2 abstract shapes; 3,000 ms), a blank delay (5,000 ms), a probe stimulus of variable duration (one abstract shape; 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ms), and a mask (500 ms). Subjects decided whether the probe stimulus matched either of the memory stimuli; they were instructed to respond during the mask, placing greater emphasis on speed than accuracy. The authors used D. L. Hintzman & T. Curran's (1994) 3-parameter compound bounded exponential model of speed-accuracy tradeoff to describe changes in discriminability associated with total processing time. Group-level analysis revealed a higher rate parameter and a higher asymptote parameter for the young adult group, but no difference across groups in x-intercept. Proxy measures of cognitive reserve (Y. Stern et al., 2005) predicted the rate parameter value, particularly in older adults. Results suggest that in working memory, aging impairs both the maximum capacity for discriminability and the rate of information accumulation, but not the temporal threshold for discriminability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LLC谐振变换器设计中的权衡

LLC谐振变换器是具有低开关损耗、高效率和高功率密度、可以实现ZVS(zero voltage switching)等诸多优点的DC/DC变换器。谐振网络各元件的参数设计对提高变换器的性能有着重要影响。在对LLC谐振变换器的结构与工作原理、直流电压增益特性、实现ZVS的条件的分析基础上,总结出一种简单合理的LLC谐振变换器的设计方法,并对谐振网络各参数的权衡进行详细地分析与讨论,给出了具体的设计过程。最后设计了60k Hz、50 W的LLC谐振变换器,实验结果证实了设计方法的可行性。