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1.
采用硬度计、轮廓仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等对服役后的U71Mn钢轨气压焊接头的硬度、裂纹形貌及显微组织进行测试与观察,分析接头不同区域的损伤行为。结果表明:焊接接头两侧距接头中心30~50 mm处存在低凹区域,其位置与软化区位置吻合;轮轨接触使接头硬度提高,但是软化区的硬度始终低于母材;根据珠光体形态,接头从中心向两侧热影响区可依次分为层片状珠光体区域、部分珠光体球化区Ⅰ、珠光体球化区、部分珠光体球化区Ⅱ;软化区位于珠光体球化区;珠光体球化区与部分珠光体球化区的裂纹深度和裂纹尖端扩展角都较大,这是由于粒状珠光体对裂纹扩展的阻力较小导致的。  相似文献   
2.
Fully dense ceramics with retarded grain growth can be attained effectively at relatively low temperatures using a high-pressure sintering method. However, there is a paucity of in-depth research on the densification mechanism, grain growth process, grain boundary characterization, and residual stress. Using a strong, reliable die made from a carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (Cf/C) composite for spark plasma sintering, two kinds of commercially pure α-Al2O3 powders, with average particle sizes of 220 nm and 3 μm, were sintered at relatively low temperatures and under high pressures of up to 200 MPa. The sintering densification temperature and the starting threshold temperature of grain growth (Tsg) were determined by the applied pressure and the surface energy relative to grain size, as they were both observed to increase with grain size and to decrease with applied pressure. Densification with limited grain coarsening occurred under an applied pressure of 200 MPa at 1050 °C for the 220 nm Al2O3 powder and 1400 °C for the 3 μm Al2O3 powder. The grain boundary energy, residual stress, and dislocation density of the ceramics sintered under high pressure and low temperature were higher than those of the samples sintered without additional pressure. Plastic deformation occurring at the contact area of the adjacent particles was proved to be the dominant mechanism for sintering under high pressure, and a mathematical model based on the plasticity mechanics and close packing of equal spheres was established. Based on the mathematical model, the predicted relative density of an Al2O3 compact can reach ~80 % via the plastic deformation mechanism, which fits well with experimental observations. The densification kinetics were investigated from the sintering parameters, i.e., the holding temperature, dwell time, and applied pressure. Diffusion, grain boundary sliding, and dislocation motion were assistant mechanisms in the final stage of sintering, as indicated by the stress exponent and the microstructural evolution. During the sintering of the 220 nm alumina at 1125 °C and 100 MPa, the deformation tends to increase defects and vacancies generation, both of which accelerate lattice diffusion and thus enhance grain growth.  相似文献   
3.
The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B on algae, have become an important issue as human-caused depletion of the protecting ozone layer has been reported. In this study, the effects of different short-term UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology, and metabolism of Porphyra haitanensis were examined. The growth of P. haitanensis decreased, and the bleaching phenomenon occurred in the thalli. The contents of total amino acids, soluble sugar, total protein, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) increased under different UV-B radiation intensities. The metabolic profiles of P. haitanensis differed between the control and UV-B radiation-treated groups. Most of the differential metabolites in P. haitanensis were significantly upregulated under UV-B exposure. Short-term enhanced UV-B irradiation significantly affected amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. The contents of phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, and serine were increased, suggesting that amino acid metabolism can promote the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances (such as phenols and MAAs) by providing precursor substances. The contents of sucrose, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate were increased, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism contributes to maintain energy supply for metabolic activity in response to UV-B exposure. Meanwhile, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was also significantly upregulated, denoting effective activation of the antioxidant system. To some extent, these results provide metabolic insights into the adaptive response mechanism of P. haitanensis to short-term enhanced UV-B radiation.  相似文献   
4.
Alumina platelets were arranged horizontally in submicron alumina particles by shear force in the flow of slurries during casting. The obtained alumina green bodies with platelets were pressureless-sintered in vacuum, producing ceramics with thoroughly oriented grains and high transmittance. The effects of sintering parameters on the densification, microstructure evolution, and orientation degree of alumina ceramics were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the densification, grain size, orientation degree, and in-line transmittance were increased with increasing sintering temperature. The enhancement of orientation degree was mainly coherent with grain growth. The grain-oriented samples exhibited a much higher in-line transmittance (at 600 nm) of 61 % than that of the grain random sample (29 %). Moreover, the transmission remained a high level in the ultraviolet range (<300 nm).  相似文献   
5.
Templated grain growth is beneficial for piezoelectric materials, the properties of which become the best in their single crystalline form. Nevertheless, a textured ceramic prepared by a templated grain growth technique often fails in exhibiting as good properties as expected in single crystals even with a high degree of orientation factor. Here, we propose a new strategy for maximizing texturing effect by suppressing the growth of untextured matrix grains. The textured ceramics made by our method, so-called bi-templated grain growth, are featured by ultrahigh piezoelectric properties (d33 = ~1,031 pC/N, d?g = ~59,000, kp = ~0.76). A special emphasis is on the achieved electric-field-induced strain of 0.13 % at 1 kV/mm, which is as high as that of single crystals. This work demonstrates that not only the degree of texture but also the coarsening of untextured matrix grains should be well-controlled to best exploit the templated grain growth technique.  相似文献   
6.
为弥补传统设计理念和优化方法的不足,促进空间结构的发展与创新,结合前沿优化理论,依据模拟植物生长算法(PGSA)的基本原理,提出基于生长空间限定与并行搜索的模拟植物生长算法(GSL&PS-PGSA),并与空间结构优化相结合,建立了基于GSL&PS-PGSA的空间结构优化方法。给出了相应的结构优化流程,并采用MATLAB及ANSYS二次开发语言APDL编制了优化程序。通过单层球面网壳截面优化和弦支穹顶预应力优化的典型空间结构算例分析,结果表明:所提出的GSL&PS-PGSA为算法提供了有效的终止机制,且具有高效的计算效率及全局搜索能力;与遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)、ANSYS自带优化方法以及其他改进PGSA算法等相比,GSL&PS-PGSA的优化效果更为显著且具有明显优势;所建立的基于GSL&PS-PGSA的空间结构优化方法,可适用于各类传统和新型空间结构体系的优化问题。  相似文献   
7.
采用MSC.MARC有限元分析软件,以真实服役的某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶片表面热障涂层为研究对象,研究真实TGO界面形貌对热障涂层界面应力的影响。结果表明:在TC/TGO界面的TC层中,法向应力σ22分布中的拉应力位于波谷区域,压应力位于波峰区域,而在BC/TGO界面的BC层中,σ22应力分布与TC层相反;TC层与BC层的剪切应力σ12分布规律相同,均是波谷左侧的应力方向为负,波谷右侧的应力方向为正。TGO界面的波峰和波谷处的法向应力σ22值随TGO厚度的增大而增加;当TGO厚度不变时,BC/TGO界面振幅增大,TGO内和BC内的法向应力σ22值也随之增大。  相似文献   
8.
电化学传感器检测植物生长调节剂的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
近年来,植物生长调节剂(PGRs)的检测方法备受研究者广泛关注。由于电化学传感器具有较高的灵敏度和选择性、响应时间短、成本低、方便携带等优点,在现场快速检测中受到研究者的青睐。从电化学传感器检测PGRs的4个方面进行了总结:1)直接电化学行为传感,主要是通过不同的修饰材料对电极进行增敏,从而实现对具有电化学活性的PGRs进行直接检测;2)电化学生物传感,主要通过酶和抗原抗体对PGRs进行特异性识别;3)光电化学传感,主要是利用具有光催化性能的材料实现对电化学活性较差的PGRs进行光电转化检测;4)分子印迹电化学传感,通过构建能够特异性识别PGRs的聚合物薄膜从而进行专属检测。同时对电化学传感器现状进行了阐述以及对未来发展趋势进行展望。  相似文献   
9.
Recently, the successful synthesis of wafer-scale single-crystal graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and MoS2 on transition metal surfaces with step edges boosted the research interests in synthesizing wafer-scale 2D single crystals on high-index substrate surfaces. Here, using hBN growth on high-index Cu surfaces as an example, a systematic theoretical study to understand the epitaxial growth of 2D materials on various high-index surfaces is performed. It is revealed that hBN orientation on a high-index surface is highly dependent on the alignment of the step edges of the surface as well as the surface roughness. On an ideal high-index surface, well-aligned hBN islands can be easily achieved, whereas curved step edges on a rough surface can lead to the alignment of hBN along with different directions. This study shows that high-index surfaces with a large step density are robust for templating the epitaxial growth of 2D single crystals due to their large tolerance for surface roughness and provides a general guideline for the epitaxial growth of various 2D single crystals.  相似文献   
10.
在实际镀膜过程中,镀膜腔室内不可避免地会含有微米级的颗粒、灰尘,除此之外,衬底表面在加工过程中产生的缺陷、污染,即使经过清洗处理,往往也不能完全消除,甚至会带来新的缺陷、污染.阴极靶中的杂质、气泡以及微弧放电同样会产生颗粒物,这些因素将直接导致薄膜在生长过程形成缺陷.详细综述了薄膜缺陷的形成原因、分类以及对不同应用的影响.根据形成原因、微观形貌等,可将缺陷大致分为薄片形结构、凹坑结构、结节状球形滴锥结构、针孔/气孔结构等四种类型.不同类型缺陷在薄膜中的占比受环境因素变化而改变,在空间分布也有所不同.缺陷破坏了薄膜的完整性,对薄膜性能产生较大影响,如降低了硬质薄膜的耐摩擦性,腐蚀介质可通过缺陷达到基材表面,导致耐腐蚀薄膜丧失保护功能.对于超导薄膜,当缺陷尺寸远大于copper电子对相干长度时,剩余电阻大大增加.最后,总结了气压、偏压、电压、沉积时间、衬底安装角度、镀膜室屏蔽结构等对缺陷密度的影响,也说明通过优化以上参数与结构可以降低缺陷密度,改善薄膜质量.  相似文献   
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