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1.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(2):1242-1254
Feeding waste milk containing antimicrobial residues (WMA) to calves has been associated with increased antimicrobial resistance in calves' commensal bacterial flora. The objectives of this study were (1) to document practices related to the disposal of WMA on Swiss dairy farms and (2) to evaluate the association between farm characteristics and the feeding of WMA to calves. A web-based questionnaire on practices surrounding waste milk disposal was completed by 1,625 dairy producers (10.9% of solicited producers). Logistic regression models were built to evaluate the association between herd characteristics and the practice of feeding WMA. Waste milk produced during and up to the first milking after completion of antimicrobial treatment or during the withdrawal period was fed to at least some of the calves on 47.3% of respondents' farms. Farms in organic production had lower odds of feeding WMA to calves than nonorganic farms [odds ratio (OR) 0.59]. Farms located in the eastern region of Switzerland, as opposed to those in the western region, had increased odds of feeding WMA to calves (OR 2.01). A yearly average bulk tank somatic cell count ≥150,000 cells/mL was associated with increased odds of feeding WMA to calves compared with the reference category of <100,000 cells/mL (OR 1.62). An average cow-level annual milk production ≥8,500 L was associated with increased odds of feeding WMA to calves compared with farms in the interquartile range with a production of 6,500 to 8,499 L (OR 1.24). Further research is warranted to investigate dairy farmers' motivations affecting this practice, and to quantitatively define calves' exposure to antimicrobial residues and the resulting antimicrobial resistance in calves' commensal flora on these farms. 相似文献
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控制棒提升极限用于限定控制棒组棒位和可溶硼浓度的范围,以防止慢化剂温度系数突破限值。CAP1400核电厂采用机械补偿运行策略,使控制棒及硼浓度运行范围大为扩展,同时功能独立的M棒组和AO棒组同时插入堆芯使得插棒情况更为复杂,因此与传统核电厂相比,CAP1400核电厂的控制棒提升极限更难界定。本文建立了适用于CAP1400核电厂的控制棒提升极限分析方法,并给出计算结果。本文提出的方法合理地解决了复杂的控制棒运行情况给提升极限造成的影响,并充分地利用了电厂实测数据对提升极限进行修正。基于本文方法得到的提升极限精确且具备一定的保守性,所以便于电厂实际运行时使用。 相似文献
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11210高水充填工作面作为孤岛工作面,末采阶段顶板压力大。采用锚网支护控制工作面顶板,撤架时利用掩护架保证撤架空间安全,利用移架平台撤出剩余支架,实现了安全生产。 相似文献
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神东煤炭集团柳塔煤矿12123综采工作面回采结束后,实际只用9天时间就完成设备快速回撤工作;本文以12123综采工作面设备回撤为实例,探讨了综采工作面设备回撤新工艺;该工艺可以在其他煤矿进行推广,有较强的应用前景。 相似文献
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Rachel Ong Gavin A. Wood Siobhan Austen Therese Jefferson Marietta E.A. Haffner 《Housing Studies》2015,30(7):1158-1181
In an era of population ageing, the primary home is increasingly viewed as a personal resource that can perform a pension role in retirement. This article assesses the extent to which Australians aged 45 years and over withdraw housing equity through in situ mortgage equity withdrawal (MEW), downsizing and selling up. We find that the incidence of housing equity withdrawal has increased over the last decade despite a global financial crisis. MEW is the dominant form of equity release among those under pension age, while downsizing or selling up is more frequent among those above pension age. Downsizing and selling up are more likely to be prompted by adverse life events than MEW. Selling up is typically an option of last resort. Our findings offer insights into important debates around homeownership societies and the welfare role performed by owner-occupied housing in mid-to-late life. 相似文献
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我国的地下储气库(以下简称储气库)与油气管道捆绑运营,没有单独的定价机制,计算储气库储气费时也未充分考虑资金的时间价值及油气藏型、盐穴型储气库垫底气的回收价值,导致计算结果的准确性欠佳。未来储气库实行独立、市场化运营是必然趋势,因而需要建立一种符合我国储气库运营模式的储气费定价机制。为此,以国内某盐穴型储气库建设投资项目为例,采用二分法建立了一种考虑垫底气可回收的储气费计算模型,计算出该储气库在不同内部收益率下的储气费,并分析了影响储气费的主要因素。结果表明:(1)当储气费为1.02元/m~3时,可满足内部收益率8%的要求;(2)在盐穴储气库工作气量确定的情况下,年储转次数(储气库年实际注采气量与年设计工作气量的比值)是影响储气费的最重要因素,地下及地面工程等建设投资的影响次之,而经营成本的影响最小;(3)在储转次数大于1.4时,盐穴储气库注采运行的工作效率达到最大,建议将盐穴储气库的储转次数设定为1.4。结论认为:该储气费计算方法在保证能获得一定利润的前提下,充分考虑了资金的时间价值以及垫底气的回收价值,计算得到的储气费较为合理,可推广到类似盐穴型储气库的应用计算。 相似文献
9.
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a painful infectious foot lesion commonly treated topically with extra-label tetracycline. Our objectives were to determine the concentrations of tetracycline in milk and plasma and to calculate a withdrawal interval following topical application at various doses. Another objective was to evaluate agreement between tests for measuring tetracycline in milk. A randomized block trial was conducted on 2 farms, where 50 cows with active DD lesions on 2 feet were allocated to 1 of 5 treatment groups (n = 10 cows per group). Treatment groups consisted of topical applications of tetracycline hydrochloride, in a paste or as a powdered form under a bandage, at 3 different dosing levels (2, 5, and 25 g) on each of the 2 affected feet. Following enrollment and treatment, samples were collected from milk, teat skin, and blood every 8 to 24 h for up to 7 d postdosing. Concentrations of tetracycline were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and milk samples were further tested using the Charm ROSA TET test (Charm Sciences Inc., Lawrence, MA). Tetracycline was present in milk, plasma, and teat skin from all treatment groups. Tetracycline concentrations varied depending on time of sampling, method of application, and dosing level. At 8 h post-treatment, 11% of cows had tetracycline present in milk higher than 100 ng/mL (ppb) but none higher than 300 ng/mL. The 25-g treatment group had the longest estimated withdrawal interval, the highest observed concentrations (210–244 ng/mL) of tetracycline present in milk, and the longest observed consecutive period of tetracycline presence (from 8 to 72 h) among all treatment groups. Compared with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the Charm test had a sensitivity of 77 and 100% for measuring tetracycline in milk at ≥30 and ≥100 ng/mL, respectively. Post-treatment samples of the teat skin were taken from 15 cows on 6 occasions, and every cow had tetracycline present in at least 1 of those 6 samples. This confirms an association between topical DD treatment with tetracycline and contamination of the teat. A total of 22% of blood samples had detectable tetracycline, and the majority (63%) occurred at 8 h post-treatment. At 100 ng/mL, the estimated cow-level milk withdrawal interval ranged from 0 to 70 h. At 300 ng/mL, the estimated cow-level withdrawal interval ranged from 0 to 34 h, and was 0 h at the bulk tank level. We recommend that conservative measures be adopted after extra-label use of topical tetracycline for DD treatment, including using a low dose and strategic post-treatment testing for tetracycline-class drugs in milk. 相似文献
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