Modification of the wood-plastic composite for enhancement of formaldehyde clearance and the 3D printing application

As the formaldehyde is one of the main indoor pollutants, the purpose of this study is to effectively remove indoor formaldehyde pollution by using environmentally friendly 3D printing ornaments. The wood 3D printing filaments cellulose/polylactic acid composite (Cellu/P) was selected as the starting material, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used for chemical modification to obtain a series of cellulose composite materials with amino groups. The modified composite materials (APTES@Cellu/P) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical tests, and a formaldehyde removal experiment was performed. The feasibility of 3D printing was evaluated, and the process of 3D printing-functionalized customized ornaments was proposed, and then a school emblem was used for modeling, printing, and surface modification. Compared with the commercially traditional activated carbon, 3D printing-customized ornaments of APTES@Cellu/P material has a better formaldehyde removal effect, and can even avoid the secondary pollution that is common to the activated carbon.     

木质纤维与水泥共同改良软土的力学性能与微观机制分析

通过压实试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和劈裂试验,分析不同木质纤维含量、水泥含量和固化时间对软土力学性能的影响规律,探讨木质纤维、水泥改良软土的微观机制。结果表明,木质纤维的加入对水泥改良软土的击实特性有显著的影响;木质纤维与水泥可有效改善土体的抗压和劈裂抗拉强度,随着木质纤维含量的增加,改良土的抗压和劈裂抗拉强度呈现出明显的“驼峰”现象,并在木质纤维含量为0.25%时最大;木质纤维与水化产物、软土颗粒形成互锁效应,增大了改良土的摩擦力,同时木质纤维还承担一定的拉伸强度,使改良土的劈裂强度增加。     

橡胶木纤维素纳米纤丝/二氧化锰/碳纳米管柔性电极材料的制备及表征

以橡胶木为原料，通过化学处理得到橡胶木纯化纤维素(PCF)，在此基础上通过高速剪切结合超声波处理制备得到纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)。通过单相合成法制备二氧化锰(MnO₂)纳米片。以CNF为结构支撑体，MnO₂纳米片和碳纳米管(CNTs)作为活性电极物质，通过真空抽滤的方式制备CNF/MnO₂/CNTs柔性电极材料。采用多种手段对CNF、MnO₂以及电极材料的结构性能进行表征，并测试了电极材料的电化学性能。结构性能表征结果表明：CNF的直径为3~10 nm，具有大的长径比，是很好的结构支撑体，CNF为纤维素Ⅰ型结构；MnO₂纳米片为片层花瓣状结构，晶型为δ型。电化学性能测试结果表明：在扫描速率为50 mV/s时电极材料的比电容值为78.45 F/g，在电流密度为0.1 A/g时的电极材料比电容值为97.02 F/g，在低频区时，交流阻抗(EIS)曲线的直线部分斜率较大，表明电极材料具有良好的电容特性，在200次充放电循环测试过程中，电极材料的电容保留率始终维持在99%左右，表明该电极材料具有良好的电化学性能并且具有一定的柔性变形能力，可用作超级电容器的电极材料。     

非常规蛋白基木材胶黏剂研究现状及发展前景

介绍了动物和植物型非常规蛋白资源的种类及其制备蛋白基木材胶黏剂的研究现状和存在的问题,展望了非常规蛋白胶黏剂的发展前景。     

Analytical technique for thermoelectroelastic field in piezoelectric bodies with D∞ symmetry in cylindrical coordinates

A general solution technique for non-axisymmetric thermoelectroelastic problems in cylindrical domains with D_∞ symmetry is constructed. The displacement and electric field are expressed in terms of the respective potential functions, and the thermoelectroelastic field quantities are expressed in terms of the elastic and piezoelastic potential functions, each of which essentially satisfies a Laplace equation with respect to the spatial coordinates, combined with the two thermoelastic displacement potential functions. As an application of the technique, the theoretical analysis of a solid cylinder subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loading is performed, and the necessity of the thermoelectroelastic analyses is demonstrated.     

Oak wine barrel as an active vessel: A critical review of past and current knowledge

ABSTRACT

We review the role of the oak barrel as an active vessel for wine maturation. We present a historical background to highlight that previously established aspects of processes occurring with wine inside the oak barrel are still without confirmation. We argue that recently published new findings on the topic are determining factors in defining the manner in which the oak barrel works with wine. Several studies have been published reviewing how the wine barrel functions as an active vessel that releases chemical compounds into the wine, improving its physical, chemical, and sensory properties. Nevertheless, there are hardly any studies that describe how a wine barrel functions as an active vessel. The present review details the main factors affecting the gas exchange capacity of the barrel, such as the pressure drop generated within the barrel, the formation of a headspace, the effect of wood anatomy, the different oxygen entry routes, the role of wood moisture content and soluble ellagitannins, and the effect of barrel toasting on cooperage. Finally, a hypothesis is proposed regarding the function of the barrel as an active vessel, which determines the manner in which it interacts with the wine that it contains during aging.     

备料系统树皮中短小原木的回收工艺

为了回收原木剥皮后树皮中夹杂的短小木材,设计了一套采用原木回收机的工艺方案。通过在削片生产线中的实际使用,发现原木回收机回收木材的效率很高,且对长度越长的木材回收效率越高。此方案的运用提高了木材利用率,减少了木材对下一道工序中树皮粉碎机的损坏风险,具有较高的推广和应用价值。     

Fabrication of oriented electrospun cellulose nanocrystals–polystyrene composite fibers on a rotating drum

Nitrobenzene (CNC-1), trifluoromethyl benzene (CNC-2) modified and polystyrene-grafted (CNC-g) cellulose nanocrystals in polystyrene (PS)-N,N dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions were electrospun and collected as stretched and aligned fibers on a rotating drum. Scanning electron microscope pictures showed significant alignment in the case of unmodified and nitrobenzene-modified CNC-1/PS nanocomposite fibers once the linear speed of rotor reached to 15 m s⁻¹. Fiber diameter decrease was more strong with rotor speed increase in the case of trifluoromethyl benzene modified (CNC-2) and polystyrene-grafted (CNC-g) cellulose nanocrystals/PS systems. Dynamic mechanical analysis including storage and elastic modulus of electrospun-oriented fibers were performed on surface-modified and polymer-grafted CNC/PS samples. According to α transition peak, the increase in the glass-transition temperature with filler concentration was the highest in polymer-grafted CNC-g/PS composite fibers. It was due to the interpenetration of grafted polymer brushes and free polymer chains in continuous phase and resulted in restrictions of motions of polymer chains in the PS matrix. The elastic moduli of nitrobenzene (CNC-1) and trifluoromethyl benzene (CNC-2)-modified CNC-filled PS composite fibers agreed well with percolation model, which indicates the CNC–CNC interactions and network formation with an increase in concentration. Magnitude of the elastic modulus of polymer grafted CNC-g at 0.33 vol % in PS was significantly higher than the prediction from percolation theory. It was due the immobilized polymer chains around CNC-g particles. However, grafted polymer chains, at higher CNC concentrations acted like stickers among CNC particles and caused CNC agglomerates with entrapped free polystyrene from the matrix, thus caused a decrease in the elastic modulus. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48942.     

Poly(lactic acid)/pulp fiber composites: The effect of fiber surface modification and hydrothermal aging on viscoelastic and strength properties

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/kraft pulp fiber (30 wt%) composites were prepared with and without a coupling agent (epoxidized linseed oil, ELO, 1.5 wt%) by injection molding. The non-annealed composite samples, along with lean PLA, were exposed to two hydro-thermal conditions: cyclic 50% RH/90% RH at 23 and 50°C, both up to 42 days. The aging effects were observed by size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic and tensile mechanical analysis, and fracture surface imaging. ELO temporarily accelerated the material's internal transition from viscous to an increasingly elastic response during the aging at 50°C. ELO also slowed down the tensile strength reduction of the composites at 50°C. These observations were explained with the hydrophobic ELO molecules' coupling and plasticizing effects at fiber/matrix interfaces. No effects were observed at 23°C.     

Technological performance of formaldehyde-free adhesive alternatives for particleboard industry

Due to their high reactivity, chemical versatility and economic competitiveness, formaldehyde-based poly-condensation adhesives are used in huge amounts - in 2010 in the order of 20 million metric tons - around the globe, primarily in the wood-processing industry. Since the 1970s formaldehyde emissions from products made thereof came under pressure and were reduced continuously. The discussion intensified again initiated by the latest European CLP (classification, labelling and packaging) regulation, which came into force in 2016, classifying formaldehyde as a Carcinogen Category 1B compound. In view of potential and even stronger future restrictions of formaldehyde use, appropriate alternatives to substitute formaldehyde-based adhesive systems such as urea formaldehyde would have to be developed and implemented in the wood processing industry. The present review represents a critical appraisal of formaldehyde-free adhesive systems for particulate wood composites production proposed in literature so far. Adhesive systems analyzed here include both synthetic and renewable-based adhesives. The core of the review is an assessment of the individual adhesive systems based on selected technological (product and process) parameters relevant for wood-particleboard production. Based on this data we evaluated their potential to identify suitable alternative adhesives having a certain probability to meet the requirements of a large-scale processing industry sector. As an overall conclusion, there are still many challenges to overcome to replace formaldehyde. Except for pMDI-based systems, most of the alternative adhesives are considerably less reactive, which would result in dramatically higher production costs. Furthermore, the availability of most components proposed to produce alternative adhesives are currently not available in the necessary quantities. Moreover, toxicological investigations on alternative systems are still missing. As several components replacing formaldehyde are also toxic or hazardous to different extents, it cannot be guaranteed that the individual proposed alternative adhesives are safer during processing and service life compared to conventional systems. Due to the nature of the organic material wood, particleboards will always release a certain amount of formaldehyde, even when produced with formaldehyde-free adhesives.