Lighting controls: Survey of market potential

This study describes the impact of lighting management systems that dynamically control lights in accordance with the needs of occupants. Various control strategies are described: scheduling, tuning, lumen depreciation, and daylighting. From initial experimental results, the energy savings provided by each of the above strategies are estimated to be 26, 12, 14, and 15%, respectively.Based upon a cost of $0.05–0.10 per kWh for electric energy and a 2-, 3-, or 4-yr payback, target costs for a simple and a sophisticated lighting management system are found to be $0.24 and 1.89 per ft², respectively, for a cost-effective investment.A growth model, based upon an extrapolation of the increase in building stock since 1975, indicates that the commercial and industrial (C & I) building stock will grow from 40 × 10⁹ ft² in 1980 to about 67 × 10⁹ ft² by the year 2000. Even with the use of more efficient lighting components, the energy required for this additional C & I stock will be 307 × 10⁹ kWh compared to the 230 × 10⁹ kWh used today. Adopting controls would reduce this requirement to 243 × 10⁹ kWh, an increase of only 13 × 10⁹ kWh above current use.The specified information is used to analyze the economic impacts that using these systems will have on the lighting industry, end users, utility companies, and the nation's economy. A $1–4 × 10⁹ annual lighting control industry can be generated, creating many jobs. The estimated return on investment (ROI) for controls for end users would be between 19 and 38%. Utilities will be able to make smaller additions to capacity and invest less captial at 7–10% ROI. Finally, the annual energy savings, up to $3.4 × 10⁹ for end users and about $5 × 10⁹ for utilities, representing unneeded generating capacity, will be available to capitalize other areas of our economy.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

美国医疗水平欠发达地区的社区门诊设计案例研究

本文以近期两个社区门诊项目为例,探讨美国医疗建筑循证规划与设计实践,这两个项目是美国路易斯安那州进行20年的研究成果体现,并对该州医疗设施改善计划总计65处设施规划和建筑设计改建产生影响。     

Electromagnetic Interference Measurements of Fluorescent Lamps Operated with Solid-State Ballasts

Solid-state ballasts were placed in fluorescent lamps in various areas of a hospital to determine if these high-frequency systems would adversely affect any hospital operations. The general areas tested included a lobby and an office space. Potentially sensitive areas containing hospital diagnostic and monitoring equipment, including a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning room, an electroencephalograph (EEG) examination room, and a coronary ward were also tested. The measurement techniques are described and the results discussed with respect to the existing radio-frequency interference (RFI) environment and with respect to electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiated and conducted limits specified by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).     

Fifty percent energy savings with automatic lighting controls

An electronically ballasted lighting control system was demonstrated at an office building in the San Francisco Bay Area. The system was used to demonstrate the energy savings and demand-reduction capabilities of a lighting control system designed to exploit all major control strategies, including scheduling, daylighting, and lumen maintenance. After 9 months of operation, lighting energy savings of approximately 50% relative to previous usage have been consistently achieved. A novel, two-part control photocell that permits successful implementation of daylighting and lumen maintenance strategies was demonstrated     

私人病房与21世纪的医院

本文从探讨私人病房的设计影响因素入手,结合相关实践案例分析私人病房在医院中的设置原则及成因,并针对未来医院发展提出建设多种类型病房的建议。     

Exploratory study of introducing HPC to non-ICT researchers: institutional strategy is possibly needed for widespread adaption

The Journal of Supercomputing - Machine learning algorithms are becoming more and more useful in many fields of science, including many areas where computational methods are rarely used....