The relationship between the molecular weight and the critical miscibility composition of a solvent-nonsolvent-terpolymer system

A theoretical equation for the dependence of the apparent molecular weight measured by light scattering on the solvent used has been derived with regard to the composition heterogeneity. Terpolymers corresponding to a partial azeotrope were synthesized from styrene, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate with mole fractions of 0.55, 0.16, and 0.29, respectively. The molecular weight measured by light scattering was found to be independent of the solvent used. Therefore the terpolymer was concluded to be apparently homogeneous in composition. The relationship between the molecular weight M of the terpolymer and the volume fraction of the nonsolvent γ in the solvent mixture at the precipitation point in a butanone-methanol-terpolymer system was experimentally proved to follow the equation where γ₀ and b′ are constants. Between the molecular weight and the limiting viscosity number [η] of the terpolymer the following relationships are valid at 35°C: and      

Short communication: Temporal changes in the skin morphology of dairy cows during the periparturient period

Management of dairy cow productivity requires monitoring of their nutritional status by visual observation. It has been suggested that changes in hair coat appearance are among the indicators of nutritional state in dairy cows. Temporal changes in the skin morphology in cows, however, have not been reported. In this study, we examined the changes in the skin of dairy cows that occur during the peripartum period. Seven pluriparous cows were used. Skin samples were collected at 28 d before the due date and 28 d and 56 d after calving for morphological examination. Hair follicle width was 108.8 ± 5.9 µm (±SD) in the dry period, 95.5 ± 5.5 µm at 28 d after calving, and 104.2 ± 5.3 µm at 56 d postpartum. The percentages of anagen hair follicles during these 3 periods were 41.4 ± 3.4, 18.5 ± 3.4, and 32.3 ± 3.3%, respectively. The corresponding sebaceous gland sizes were 8,362.0 ± 707.6, 7,800.0 ± 831.4, and 9,186.8 ± 962.6 µm², respectively. Hair follicle width was positively correlated with percentage of anagen hair follicles. The thickness of epidermal and proliferation rate of epidermal cell were also correlated. However, the hair follicle width, sebaceous gland size and cell proliferation rate, and thickness and proliferation rate of epidermal cells did not show any marked changes.     

Neuroprotection,Growth Factors and BDNF-TrkB Signalling in Retinal Degeneration

Neurotrophic factors play key roles in the development and survival of neurons. The potent neuroprotective effects of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), suggest that they are good therapeutic candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the eye that causes irreversible blindness. It is characterized by damage to the optic nerve, usually due to high intraocular pressure (IOP), and progressive degeneration of retinal neurons called retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Current therapy for glaucoma focuses on reduction of IOP, but neuroprotection may also be beneficial. BDNF is a powerful neuroprotective agent especially for RGCs. Exogenous application of BDNF to the retina and increased BDNF expression in retinal neurons using viral vector systems are both effective in protecting RGCs from damage. Furthermore, induction of BDNF expression by agents such as valproic acid has also been beneficial in promoting RGC survival. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors in retinal diseases and focus on the differential roles of glial and neuronal TrkB in neuroprotection. We also discuss the role of neurotrophic factors in neuroregeneration.     

Study on effects of solar radiation and rain on shrinkage, shrinkage cracking and creep of concrete

In this paper, the effects of actual environmental actions on shrinkage, creep and shrinkage cracking of concrete are studied comprehensively. Prismatic specimens of plain concrete were exposed to three sets of artificial outdoor conditions with or without solar radiation and rain to examine the shrinkage. For the purpose of studying shrinkage cracking behavior, prismatic concrete specimens with reinforcing steel were also subjected to the above conditions at the same time. The shrinkage behavior is described focusing on the effects of solar radiation and rain based on the moisture loss. The significant environment actions to induce shrinkage cracks are investigated from viewpoints of the amount of the shrinkage and the tensile strength. Finally, specific compressive creep behavior according to solar radiation and rainfall is discussed. It is found that rain can greatly inhibit the progresses of concrete shrinkage and creep while solar radiation is likely to promote shrinkage cracking and creep.     

Defect structure and electrical conductivity in rapidly-quenched and slowly-cooled rhombohedral solid solutions of the system Bi2O3-BaO

The solid solubility limit, grain orientation, defect structure and electrical conductivity of solidified rhombohedral specimens in the Bi₂O₃-BaO system are described. The c-axes (in hexagonal notation) of solidified specimens were almost entirely oriented along the platelet/film thickness. Slow-cooling (∼ 10⁻²° Csec⁻¹) of the system gave solid solutions with substitutional type of 2BaO → 2Ba_Bi′ + 20+ V ₀ ^.. for 12 to 32 mol % BaO. High-temperature modification of slowly-cooled sample (16 mol % BaO) showed a conductivity of 8.8×10⁻¹ Ω⁻¹ cm ⁻¹ at 600° C along the conduction plane (perpendicular to the c-axis). Rapid quenching (∼ 10⁵° C sec⁻¹) produced solid solutions for 8 to 20 mol % BaO introducing interstitial Ba²⁺ (10–12 mol % BaO) and Schottky type defects such as V_Bi‴ and V _Bi ^‴ and V ₀ ^.. (16 to 20 mol % BaO), however the high-temperature modification of the rhombohedral structure could not be frozen.     

Fabrication and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3/BaTiO3-Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3-BiFeO3 composites

We fabricated xBaTiO₃ (BT)/(1-x)[BaTiO₃-Bi(Mg_1/2Ti_1/2)O₃-BiFeO₃] (BT-BMT-BF)?+?0.1?wt%MnCO₃ composites by spark plasma sintering and investigated the effect of BT content x, BT powder size, and BT-BMT-BF composition on piezoelectric properties. For xBT/(1-x)(0.3BT-0.1BMT-0.6BF) +?0.1?wt%MnCO₃ (x?=?0–0.75) composites with a 0.5-µm BT powder, the dielectric constant was increased with x, and the relative density was decreased at x?=?0.67 and 0.75, creating optimum BT content of x?=?0.50 with a piezoelectric constant d₃₃ of 107?pC/N. When a larger 1.5-µm BT powder was utilized for the composite with x?=?0.50, the d₃₃ value increased to 150?pC/N due to the grain size effect of the BT grains. To compensate for a compositional change from the optimum 0.3BT-0.1BMT-0.6BF due to partial diffusion between the BT and 0.3BT-0.1BMT-0.6BF grains, a 0.5BT/0.5(0.275BT-0.1BMT-0.625BF)?+?0.1?wt%MnCO₃ composite with the 1.5-µm BT powder was fabricated. We obtained an increased d₃₃ value of 166?pC/N. These results provided a useful composite design to enhance the piezoelectric properties.