Simplified expressions for the near fields of a magnetic frill current

The simplified expressions for the electromagnetic field of the near zone from the magnetic frill are derived. In these formulas,E_{rho}andH_{phi}are expressed as a single integration of the complete elliptical integrals of the first and second kinds. Furthermore the closed form ofE_{z}is obtained approximately. Their accuracy is checked numerically by comparing with Tsai's, and significant improvement in efficiencies is obtained.     

Microporous carbons prepared from cationic surfactant-resorcinol/formaldehyde composites

Microporous carbons have been synthesized by the carbonization of cationic surfactant-resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) composites, which were themselves formed by electrostatic organic-organic interaction. The porous structure produced by the decomposition of the surfactant plays an important role for the gasification of the RF polymer at higher temperatures. The pore size of the carbon prepared from tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB)-RF, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C₁₆TAB)-RF and decyltrimethylammonium bromide (C₁₀TAB)-RF mixtures can be estimated as 0.53 nm from the Horvath-Kawazoe method using N₂ adsorption isotherms. Their pore size distributions were very narrow, showing that the microporous carbons derived from surfactant-RF mixture may have promise as adsorbents and membrane materials.     

Reliability and mechanical durability tests of flexible OLED with ALD coating

To improve the reliability and mechanical durability of a flexible organic light‐emitting diode display, the entire flexible display is coated with an aluminum oxide film by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Because the step coverage of ALD is excellent, the AlO_x film was deposited not only on the front and back surfaces but also on the side surfaces of the display. A high‐temperature and high‐humidity preservation test, repetitive bending tests, and a pencil hardness test were conducted on the flexible display with ALD‐AlO_x coating. The display survived 500 h of a 65°C, 95% preservation test, endured a 100,000‐time repetitive bending test with a curvature radius of 4 mm, and was found to have a pencil hardness of 4H.     

Design of a Four-Element, Hollow-Cube Corner Retroreflector for Satellites by use of a Genetic Algorithm

A four-element retroreflector was designed for satellite laser ranging and Earth-satellite-Earth laser long-path absorption measurement of the atmosphere. The retroreflector consists of four symmetrically located corner retroreflectors. Each retroreflector element has curved mirrors and tuned dihedral angles to correct velocity aberrations. A genetic algorithm was employed to optimize dihedral angles of each element and the directions of the four elements. The optimized four-element retroreflector has high reflectance with a reasonably broad angular coverage. It is also shown that the genetic algorithm is effective for optimizing optics with many parameters.     

Neutron energy dependence of delayed neutron yields and its assessments

Incident neutron energy dependence of delayed neutron yields of uranium and plutonium isotopes is investigated. A summation calculation of decay and fission yield data is employed, and the energy dependence of the latter part is considered in a phenomenological way. Our calculation systematically reproduces the energy dependence of delayed neutron yields by introducing an energy dependence of the most probable charge and the odd–even e?ect. The calculated fission yields are assessed by comparison with JENDL/FPY-2011, delayed neutron activities, and decay heats. Although the fission yields in this work are optimized to delayed neutron yields, the calculated decay heats are in good agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the fission yields calculated in this work and JENDL/FPY-2011 gave an important insight for the evaluation of the next Japanese evaluated nuclear data library (JENDL) .     

On the electrochemical activation of alkali-treated soft carbon for advanced electrochemical capacitors

The electrochemical activation process of the so-called “alkali-treated soft carbon” (ASC) has been examined in organic electrolyte solutions. SEM observation demonstrated that the edge plane of graphene structure of the ASC particle becomes rough after the activation, and XRD measurements indicated that the average lattice constant of graphene stacking in ASC increases after the activation process. Ex-situ ⁷Li NMR measurements proved that the insertion of cation (Li⁺) into the pore structure of ASC is associated with the activation process in the electrolyte dissolving Li salt. The pore-size distribution determined from N₂-gas adsorption for ASC electrodes before and after the electrochemical activation indicates that the pore structure becomes developed after the electrochemical polarization, especially in the pore-diameter range of 2–10 nm. A schematic model of the activation process has been presented, which includes electrochemical insertion of ions into the inside of the ASC.     

X-ray absorption fine structure combined with fluorescence spectrometry for monitoring trace amounts of lead adsorption in the environmental conditions

The local structure of trace amounts of lead in an adsorbent matrix that contains a high concentration of iron and magnesium (Mg6Fe2(OH)16(CO3) x 3H2O) was successfully monitored by means of X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy combined with fluorescence spectrometry. A eutectic mixture of PbCO3 and Pb(OH)2 coagulated when Pb2+ was adsorbed from a 1.0 ppm aqueous solution, and in contrast, the major species was ion-exchanged Pb2+ in the case of adsorption from a 100 ppb aqueous solution. The difference was ascribed to the balance between the precipitation equilibrium for coagulation and the rate of the ion exchange reaction with surface hydroxyl groups.     

Influence of water vapor on the reduction of cuprous chloride to copper microfibers

Reduction of cuprous chloride has been examined in various atmospheres, mostly at 600°C, to produce copper microfibers that can be applied as a filler for electromagnetic interference shielding and electron conductive paste composites. The reduction with hydrogen resulted in formation of a large amount of copper films, but fine particles and short filaments were obtained when carbon black was mixed into the raw material. The most promising copper microfibers with dimensions of several mm length and 1–10 m thickness could be produced with the system CuCl — C — H₂O using argon as a carrier gas, where H₂ and CO formed then probably reduced the vaporized CuCl molecules. Introduction of hydrogen gas into this system increased the yield of copper microfibers, though they became more bent, curved and kinked in shape. However, the morphology of the microfibers is still acceptable as a filler.     

Diffuse biliary tract involvement mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis in an experimental model of chronic graft-versus-host disease in mice

In a previous study, protein components purified from latex gloves that elicited allergenic reactions were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and yielded apparent molecular weights of 14, 22, 30, 34, 46, and 58 kD. These allergenic components were isolated for further characterization by capillary zone electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. These components all migrated at approximately 25 and 35 min on capillary zone electrophoresis. Diode array spectral analysis detected indistinguishable characteristics between these two protein peaks. In addition, complex formation of these components with patients' immunoglobulin was demonstrated by capillary zone electrophoresis. Analysis of components separated by SDS-PAGE on a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane showed that the first 13 residues were identical to the sequence of hevein. Based on the criteria of charge-to-mass ratio and N-terminal amino acid sequence, our results suggest that these components of latex proteins are similar in the primary structure.     

Inhibition of carbon fiber growth from naphthalene with halogens

The influence of HCl, Cl₂, Br₂ and I₂ on the vapor phase growth of carbon fibers from naphthalene was examined at 1100°C with the expectation of a promotive effect similar to H₂S. However, these halogen additives were found not to catalyse but to inhibit the growth. Employment of 1-chloronaphthalene as the source material also resulted in the remarkable suppression of fiber formation. The fibers obtained in the presence of the halogens exhibited highly pockmarked surfaces, due to deposition of soot-like carbon. In addition, the deposition was preferential at the growing end of the fiber, so that the diameter became thick progressively from root to tip. From these observations, the inhibition of the fiber growth with halogens was attributed to the accelerated decomposition of naphthalene into soot-like carbon.