One‐pot Synthesis of N‐Formyl‐O‐acyl‐ threo‐ and erythro‐DL‐β‐phenylserine Ethyl Esters and their Antiviral Properties

A series of N‐formyl‐O‐acyl‐β‐phenylserine derivatives 1b ‐ 7b were prepared by the interaction of N‐acyl‐b‐phenylserine ethyl esters 1a ‐ 7a with formic acid in presence of 1.5% HF. One‐pot acyl group N → O migration followed N‐formylation under elaborated reaction conditions. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated. The carboxylic acid moiety in the structure of β‐phenylserine had a strong influence on the reproduction of the used test‐viruses. The toxicity and antiviral activity is dependent on the diastereomeric forms of evaluated compounds.     

Safety and sustainability in a city in transition: The case of Vilnius, Lithuania

Urban experts have long recognised crime and fear of crime as dominant challenges to sustainable cities. A sustainable community is a place free from the fear of crime, where a feeling of security underpins a wider sense of place attachment and place attractiveness. In this article, we follow the recent strand of Western research and suggest a framework for assessing safety, which includes the analysis of the geography of crime, fear of crime and crime prevention. Empirical evidence is based on Vilnius, Lithuania. Findings show that whilst Vilnius’ geography of crime shows patterns similar to those found in Western cities, fear of crime shows a complex pattern, playing a minor role when citizens judge their residential quality. Crime prevention incorporates top-down features as well as approaches previously adopted by Western cities. The article concludes with an assessment of the proposed framework and directions for future work.     

Authoritarianism, ideology, and political candidate choice.

2 experiments were conducted investigating the relationship between F Scale scores and preference for the candidates of a particular party or ideology. Exp. I showed that Ss with high scores on the F Scale preferred the Republican party and voted for Nixon while those with low scores preferred the Democratic party and voted for Kennedy. The relationship was hypothesized to appear because (a) both candidates clearly differed in the degree to which they represetned liberal and conservative ideologies, (b) the voters possessed an ideological outlook, and (c) liberal or conservative values were more salient than other factors in the choice of candidates. In Exp. II, 3 samples of students were presented with different pairs of candidates: liberal Democrat and conservative Republican, liberal Republican and conservative Democrat, and candidates ideologically equated. Ignoring candidate ideology, there was no relationship between F score and party vote. When ideology was taken into account, high scorers voted for the conservative candidate and low scorers voted for the liberal candidate regardless of party label. When the stimulus figures were equated ideologically there was no relationship between F scores and choice. There was no support for the hypothesis that choices by high scorers were more subject to the pressure of group norms than those of low scorers. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)