Recrystallization in Model Ice Cream Solutions as Affected by Stabilizer Concentration

Ice recrystallization rates in simple aqueous solutions comprising fructose and a hydrocolloid stabilizer were measured. The stabilizers were an enzyme-modified guar and a non-gelling high methoxy pectin. The stabilizer concentration dependence of the recrystallization rates for both materials was similar in that increasing the concentration resulted in decreasing rates until a point is reached where further addition had no additional effect. That recrystallization rates were reduced by both gelling and non-gelling stabilizers was strongly suggestive that gelation was not a requirement for recrystallization inhibition and another more specific mechanism applies, for example a weak interfacial effect such as adsorption or blocking. This behavior was also seen with locust bean gum and guar and provided further empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that stabilizers adsorb to ice crystal surfaces.     

甲苯—正庚烷—庚烯-(3)三元系统的气液平衡

测定了庚烯-（3）的蒸气压。用Gillespie型平衡器测定了甲苯—庚烯-（3）、正庚烷—庚烯-（3）二元系及甲苯—正庚烷—庚烯-（3）三元系统的平衡数据,并分别用Spinner及White方法验证了这些数据,计算结果与实验结果是符合的。三元系统气液平衡的数据不论在工程中或是实验工作上都很重要,过去对三元系统气液平衡的研究虽然有一些,但对甲苯—正庚烷—庚烯-（3）三元系统气液平衡至今在文献上尚未有记载。 由于庚烯-（3）的蒸气压数据不见于文献,我们测定了它的蒸气压数据。正庚烷—甲苯二元系统前人已有许多结果发表,我们进行了一些校核,结果与文献记载符合。甲苯—庚烯-（3）二元系统文献上没有,我们倣效了并用Spinner方法及White方法整理。至于正庚烷—庚烯-（3）二元系统,因为此两组分的性质（如沸点、n_D~（20）等）极其接近,分析误差较大,我们将其当作理想溶液处理,误差当在允许误差以内。 三元系统的分析较为繁难,误差也较大,故希望从理论和实验材料找出其规律性,以校核实验数据和推算未知三元系统。本工作利用三个二元系统的数据,用Spinner以及White的方法推算三元系统的气液平衡,与实验数据相比较,是相互符合的。     

DESIGNING 2 POLE AND 2/4 POLE WINDINGS BY THE SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD

ABSTRACT

The object of the present paper is to explore the possibility of using simulated annealing procedures to determine multi-speed three phase windings. It is limited to the very simple case of p/2p polarities. The program has yielded the very well known solutions; thus, research may proceed towards more difficult problems.     

Valeur d'un test in vitro d'incorporation de glucose marque pour l'estimation de l'activité antiseborrheique

Deux methodes d'estimation de l'activité antiséborrhéique, l'une in vitro , l'autre in vivo , ont été comparées en étudiant l'action de deux produits différents: le metbufen et la N-sébaçoylméthionine. Le test in vitro d'incorporation de glucose marqué est pratiqué sur la glande préputiale de rat isolée. In vivo , sur la peau de rat castré et supplémenté par l'énanthate de testortérone, l'effet de traitement topique est suivi par l'étude histologique des glandes sébacées.
Les résultats obtenus avec les deux produits essayés présentent un parallélisme permettant de conclure à la validité du test in vitro dans le screening de molécules à activité antiséborrhéique.
An in vitro test for the evaluation of antiseborrheic activity     

Hydration behaviour of synthetic saponite at variable relative humidity

Hydration behaviour of synthetic saponite was examined by X-ray powder diffraction simulation at various relative humidities (RH). The basal spacing of the Ca-saponite increased stepwise with increase in RH. The (00l) reflections observed reflect single or dual hydration states of smectite. Quasi-rational, intermediate, or asymmetrical reflections were observed for all XRD patterns and reflecting heterogeneity of the samples, especially along the transition between two hydration states.     

Visualization and quantification of vesicle trafficking on a three-dimensional cytoskeleton network in living cells

Recent progress in biology and microscopy has made it possible to acquire multidimensional data on rapid cellular activities. Unfortunately, the data analysis needed to describe the observed biological process still remains a major bottleneck. We here present a novel method of studying membrane trafficking by monitoring vesicular structures moving along a three-dimensional cytoskeleton network. It allows the dynamics of such structures to be qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. Our tracking method uses kymogram analysis to extract the consistent part of the temporal information and to allow the meaningful representation of vesicle dynamics. A fully automatic extension of this method, together with a statistical tool for dynamic comparisons, allows the precise analysis and comparison of overall speed distributions and directions. It can handle typical complex situations, such as a dense set of vesicles moving at various velocities, fusing and dissociating with each other or with other cell compartments. The overall approach has been characterized and validated on synthetic data. We chose the Rab6A protein, a GTPase involved in the regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking, as a molecular model. The application of our method to GFP-Rab6A stable cells acquired using fast four-dimensional deconvolution video-microscopy gives considerable cellular dynamic information unreachable using other techniques.     

Energy Catabolism in Rabbit Muscle as Affected by Brine Injection: 31P NMR Studies

The energy catabolism in brine-injected muscles was examined by ³¹P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Immediately after death of rabbits, brines containing NaCl, with or without pyrophosphate, were injected into the arterial system. ³¹P NMR spectra at 4°revealed marked heterogeneity in postmortem catabolism due to brine diffusion. The heterogeneity of the Pi signal for injected muscles reflected the existence of muscle areas with different intracellular pH values. This observation suggested an increase in rate of glycolysis for fibers experiencing brine. The heterogeneity of brine diffusion seemed to be affected by method of injection.     

Sensory Detection and Population Thresholds for Sodium Tripolyphosphate in Cooked Ground Turkey Patties

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) at levels of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% by weight was added to ground turkey meat to determine if a flavor difference could be detected when STP was present. Detection thresholds for STP in ground turkey meat were determined for 30 female respondents. Two population thresholds were determined using information from the detection thresholds. Two-thirds of the respondents detected a difference between samples with no STP and those with 0.5% STP or less. STP added at less than 0.3% was undetected by more than 50% of the tested population.     

Relative Viscosity of Proteins Extracted from Frozen, Thawed Turkey Muscle with the Sodium Salts of Nitrite, Chloride, and Tripolyphosphate

Turkey breast muscle batters were prepared with sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium tripolyphosphate. Batter pH and centrifuged batter sediment weight were measured, extracted protein amounts were measured by the biuret method, and relative viscosity of the extract was determined by capillary tube viscometry. Water and nitrite extracts had similar pH values, protein concentrations and relative viscosities. The batter with sodium chloride had the lowest pH while the batter with sodium tripolyphosphate had the highest pH. The greatest centrifuged batter sediment weight, greatest protein concentration and most viscous extract were from the batter containing sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate.