德国中小城镇在国土开发中扮演的重要角色

与大多数欧洲城市相比,德国的城镇体系属于均衡发展的典范。地区的高度自治、联邦体制以及强有力的州政府使德国在两千多年的城市发展历程中,逐渐形成了大中小城市遍布全国的空间形态。这些城市都具有相似的生活质量、便捷的交通和便利的服务。基于对中小城镇的概括定义,本文将首先简要介绍城市均衡发展的历史渊源及小城镇在德国的重要作用,并举例分析一些进行中的都市化过程,随后将选取纽伦堡城市区域作为中小城镇的成功案例重点介绍,最后简要说明支持城镇发展的联邦政策规划。     

Thermal [1,3] carbon sigmatropic rearrangements of vinylcyclobutanes

Stereochemical, kinetic, and theory-based studies of the [1,3] carbon sigmatropic rearrangements of bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-enes, bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes, and monocyclic vinylcyclobutanes support the judgment that such reactions involve transient diradical structures traversing relatively flat potential energy surfaces.     

A rejoinder to "Psychotherapy research ethics: Continuing the debate on controlled clinical trials."

Responds to C. A. Heflinger's (1987) critique of the present authors (1986) by reiterating their concern for the principle of autonomy. The present authors note that all patients were fully informed about the research plan and their right to withdraw. Nonetheless, the ethical criticism offered by Heflinger regarding randomization cannot be entirely dismissed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The yeast mic2 mutant is defective in the formation of mannosyl-diinositolphosphorylceramide

Three transmembrane glutamic acid residues play essential roles in the metal-tetracycline/H+ antiporter Tet(K) of Staphylococcus aureus [Fujihira et al., FEBS Lett. 391 (1996) 243-246]. In the putative hydrophilic loop region of the Tet(K) and Tet(L) proteins, six acidic residues are conserved. Asp74, Asp200, Asp318 and Glu381 are located on the putative cytoplasmic side, and Asp39 and Glu345 on the putative periplasmic side. These residues were replaced by a neutral amino acid residue or a charge-conserved one. In contrast to the transmembrane glutamic acid residues, the replacement of the two glutamic acid residues (Glu345 and Glu381) did not affect the tetracycline resistance level. Out of the other four aspartic acid residues, the only essential residue is Asp318, any replacement of which resulted in complete loss of the tetracycline resistance and transport activity. Asp318 is located in cytoplasmic loop 10-11 in the putative 14-transmembrane-segment topology of Tet(K). In the case of the tetracycline exporters of Gram-negative bacteria, the only essential acidic residue in the cytoplasmic loop region is located in loop 2-3 [Yamaguchi et al., Biochemistry 31 (1992) 8344-8348]. It may be a general role for tetracycline efflux proteins that three transmembrane and one cytoplasmic acidic residues are mandatory for the tetracycline transport function.     

Diffusion-controlled reference material for volatile organic compound emissions testing: Pilot inter-laboratory study

To improve the reliability and accuracy of tests used to measure emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from samples of interior building products, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Virginia Tech (VT) have created a program to develop reference materials with independently predictable emission rates. A diffusive reference material and associated mechanistic model have been developed and are undergoing extensive evaluation. As part of this process, a pilot inter-laboratory study (ILS) was conducted with four laboratories using a polymer material loaded with toluene as the reference source. Results showed the prototype material to be a relatively stable, homogeneous source with consistent emissions both within and between production batches. A comparison of toluene emission rates determined by the laboratories showed relative standard deviations as low as 9%, which are significantly lower than inter-laboratory variations for most previous ILS exercises with VOC sources. At a sample time of 48 h, the mean measured toluene emission rate for all four laboratories was within 1% of the model predicted value. The success of this pilot ILS is a key step toward being able to provide a VOC reference material for independent validation of VOC emission tests conducted in small chambers.     

Telomeres and telomerase in normal and malignant haematologic cells

Tumor relapse remains a major obstacle to the success of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as a treatment for leukemia. Due to limited treatment options, the outlook for most patients that relapse following allogeneic BMT has been poor. The infusion of normal immunocompetent leukocytes from the original marrow donor has become a promising new option for treating/preventing leukemia relapse in allogeneic BMT recipients. This form of treatment has often been referred to as donor leukocyte infusion (DLI) therapy. Our laboratory is using murine models of allogeneic BMT to address important unresolved issues regarding DLI therapy in an effort to make the treatment more effective. These include identification of the antileukemic effector cells, augmentation of the antileukemic effect, and understanding why graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is less severe than anticipated. This article reviews our work in murine models of DLI and introduces our current working hypotheses concerning DLI therapy.     

A man with periscapular pain of unexpected origin

35 patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) were treated by hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) and caffetin preparation. A significant decrease of pain was observed in all the patients after the treatment course. Intensity of pain was diminished according to visual analogous scale. Meanwhile considerable regression of autonomic disorders and weakening of anxious and depressive manifestations was noted too. The tendency to normalization of evoked skin potentials was also found. Some elevation of the threshold of nociceptive reflex was conditioned by displacement toward general increase of antinociception after the treatment. Effect of HBO therapy persisted during 6 months in 87% of the patients. Efficiency of caffetin was restricted by the time of its administration. The conclusion was made about possibility of successful treatment of CRPS patients by both methods.     

Data processing in the split Hopkinson pressure bar tests

The effect on dynamic stress—strain curves of dispersion and shifting of elastic strain pulses travelling in a split Hopkinson pressure bar is reported. The dispersion correction is done in the frequency domain after employing FFT algorithm by adjusting the phase of each Fourier component. The three pulses (incident, reflected and transmitted) are analyzed inside three identical windows that propagate along the time axis with a reference velocity . The oscillations in the dynamic stress—strain curves are shown to be very sensitive to small variations in the value of c_o. A calibration procedure for determining the value of c_o for each SHPB setup is suggested. The predictions are compared to experimental measurements.