Development of Reference Shunt for Short‐Time Alternating High Current Tests and Study of Measuring System

Short‐circuit tests for power circuit breakers and others require alternative short‐time current measurement, from a few kA to over several tens kA. However, the reference measurement system as a national standard or a specified secondary standard instrument to directly perform comparative test as a complete calibration test in high current class has not yet been established globally. The Japan Short‐Circuit Testing Committee (hereinafter referred to as “JSTC”) has therefore developed a shunt resistor that can be used as a standard instrument for high current measurement. Reference system using this shunt resistor is also considered by JSTC. The performance of the newly developed shunt resistor has been checked through several methods, such as resistance measurement, high power current test, high frequency current test, temperature rise test, and interference test. The results of the tests proved satisfactory performance. Resistance of the shunt resistor before and after the tests was invariant and stable. This makes the shunt resistor adequate for a reference in practical use. In addition, evaluation of uncertainty of the whole reference system including this shunt resistor satisfactorily fulfills the requirements of IEC 62475 edition 1.0, 2010.     

Direct Measurement of Piezoelectric Strain Using a Diffraction Grating

Piezoelectric strain under a large de electric field, D ₃₃ is directly measured by using an electrically controllable diffraction (ECD) grating. The ECD grating consists of a lead lanthanum zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic with 65 pairs of grooves having 40-μm width and 80-μm period on its surface. The operational principle for the diffraction grating and the procedure for obtaining D ₃₃ are described. D ₃₃ is measured experimentally with a He-Ne 3.39-μm laser, yielding a value of 5.9 × 10⁻⁹ m/V under a dc electric field of 1 kV/mm. This value is discussed along with the piezoelectric constant d ₃₃ calculated from a conventional electrical resonant method.     

基于常时微动观测的钢筋混凝土建筑物振动特性及其地域差异

文章以呼和浩特市区钢筋混凝土建筑物为研究对象, 实施常时微动观测,分析了建筑物的振动特性,以及通过把呼和浩特市与其他地区的观测数据进行比较研究,初步探索了钢筋混凝土建筑物振动特性的地域差异,并得出如下结论: ⑴建筑物的第一次共振周期与楼层数或高度存在正相关关系,而楼层相同时则与建筑年代呈反相关关系,且大多数建筑物具有短轴方向的共振周期与长轴方向相同或较之偏大等特征。⑵大多数建筑物与地基间有着一定的相互作用。⑶同样建筑比较而言,福冈市的建筑物共振周期最小,乌兰巴托市最大,呼和浩特市和台中市的建筑物共振周期因长、短轴方向差异而大小不同。     

Optimized Logarithmic Roller Crowning Design of Cylindrical Roller Bearings and Its Experimental Demonstration

A logarithmic profile is essentially an optimal geometry for rolling machine elements such as bearing rollers and raceways. Under most conditions of loading, it yields lower stresses to give longer endurance. Lundberg first suggested the basic profile, and some researchers followed him by modifying it to satisfy engineering requirements. In this article, the authors propose a mathematical optimization method for logarithmic profiles in roller bearing applications. Moreover, rolling contact fatigue life tests are carried out to make a comparison among logarithmically crowned, standard partially crowned, and modified partially crowned rollers. Results show that the logarithmically crowned rollers are beyond the modified partially crowned rollers in fatigue life, especially in poor lubrication conditions, although the logarithmic rollers require less workload to process the crowning.     

Properties of Space Charge Distributions and Conduction Current in XLPE and LDPE under DC High Electric Field

Space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress were investigated. One of the reasons for the different breakdown property in cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) from that in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) may be based on the existence of cross‐linking by‐products in XLPE. Furthermore, a thermal history in cross‐linking process for XLPE may also cause of the difference. It is generally accepted that the existence of the cross‐linking by‐products increase the conduction current in XLPE under dc stress. It is also said that an anneal treatment in air atmosphere may affect to the electrical properties under dc stress. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the cross‐linking by‐products and the anneal treatment on space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress. In our research, it is thought that the increasing dissipation power in XLPE is the cause of the breakdown in it under dc stress. Therefore, to calculate the dissipation power in the bulk of test sample, we measured the space charge distribution and the external circuit current simultaneously. Based on the results, we discussed the reason of the difference of the space charge properties in XLPE and LDPE focusing on the cross‐linking by‐products and the oxidation of the test samples.     

飞行时间太赫兹断层成像

介绍了利用超短激光脉冲的高分辨飞行时间太赫兹断层成像的发展。其基本原理是,首先非线性光学晶体获得的宽带太赫兹脉冲进入到样品,随后检测每一层反射回来的回波脉冲。利用高斯窗口的去卷积过程我们可以获得清晰、高分辨的断层成像谱图。与聚四氟乙烯薄膜机械厚度测量的结果比较,如果一个样品的折射率为n,则轴向分辨率低于10/nμm。     

Crack Coalescence and Microscopic Crack Growth in the Delayed Fracture of Alumina

Microscopic crack growth in the delayed fracture of alumina is studied. A model for the delayed fracture, based on microscopic cracks and their interaction and coalescence, is proposed as opposed to the conventional single-worst-crack model. The proposed analysis gives a more realistic prediction than the conventional one. It is found that an assembly of microscopic cracks, which may not be observable, may be worse than a single macroscopic crack in delayed fracture and that the coalescence of the microscopic cracks may occur in a very short time without being identified because the critical amount of slow crack growth from the individual inherent flaws can be very small. Applicability of proof-testing concepts is reexamined. It is demonstrated that the existing concepts give nonconservative prediction in time-to-failure; but the nonconservative prediction is partially or sometimes excessively compensated by conservative estimation of the initial crack size.     

Flaws Responsible for Slow Cracking in the Delayed Fracture of Alumina

The early stages of crack extension from inherent flaws were observed directly in order to identify flaws responsible for crack initiation. The specimen surface was immersed in fluorescent dye penetrant while cracks were forming; this procedure allowed the dye to penetrate into the fine cracks. Once the cracking sites were located, scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the flaws. An eccentrically loaded column testing system was used to produce a number of crack initiations on a surface of a specimen without causing catastrophic failure of the specimen. There were many inherent flaws which, either by themselves or as an assembly, became potential crack origins. The initial stage of delayed fracture was shown to involve the interaction and coalescence of nearby flaws with intergranular cracking. It was also found that the crack origins were multiple in delayed fracture.     

MOTION OF AND MASS TRANSFER FROM AN ASSEMBLAGE OF SOLID SPHERES MOVING IN A NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBERS

An approximate solution for the motion of an assemblage of solid spheres moving in a power-law fluid in the high Reynolds number region is obtained using a combination of Happel's free-surface cell model and the boundary layer theory. It is theoretically predicted that the drag coefficient will decrease with the increase of the shear-thinning anomaly. The results of the present analysis are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data for fixed and fluidized beds. The influence of the non-Newtonian behavior on the mass transfer rate from an assemblage of solid spheres is also discussed.