Technological and sensorial properties of liquid nitrogen ice cream enriched with protein from brewing waste (trub)

Debittered trub (brewing waste) is an important source of protein source (70.26%). Trub and whey protein were used for 5% protein enrichment of ice cream frozen by liquid nitrogen. Three formulations were elaborated: ice cream standard (ICS), ice cream with whey protein (ICW) and ice cream with trub (ICT). Chemical composition, rheological properties, texture, overrun, melting rate, scanning electron microscopy and a sensorial test were performed. Results showed that ICT presented a higher viscosity, obtained on the upward curve up to 6.76 Pa s⁻¹, consistency index (22.96 (Pa s⁻¹)ⁿ), hysteresis area (140.40 mPa s⁻¹) and hardness (31113.33 g) but a lower melting rate (0.38 g min⁻¹), overrun (13.92%) and sensorial acceptability than the other formulations. The addition of trub debittered for protein enrichment improved ice cream properties and demonstrated that it could be used as a food ingredient.     

A multi-level, multi-theory perspective of information technology implementation

Abstract.  Much of information technology (IT) implementation research has focused on individuals' acceptance of IT by examining their behaviour when faced with new IT and the antecedents of these behaviours. As they are frequently undertaken within a project framework, IT implementations also entail the application of project management practices in order to be successful. Based on the premise that antecedents of lower level theories are frequently determined by the outcomes of a higher level theory, the present paper illustrates how organizational-level decisions, examined from the perspective of economics theories, can help explain the antecedents of project risk management at the project and individual levels. To do so, the paper describes an IT implementation effort which went through three phases; the first two of which were abandoned versions of the same project. An organizational-level analysis of the case from an economics perspective and its project-level analysis from a risk management perspective show how organizational-level decisions influenced the antecedents at the project and individual levels, providing a more complete understanding of the IT implementation in question, an understanding which neither a theory approach nor a level perspective could provide on its own.     

New reduced discrete Euclidean nD medial axis with optimal algorithm

Skeletons have been playing an important role in shape analysis since the introduction of the medial axis in the sixties. The original medial axis definition is in the continuous Euclidean space. It is a skeleton with the following characteristics: centered, thin, homotopic (it has the same topology as the object), and reversible (sufficient for the reconstruction of the object). The discrete version of the Euclidean medial axis (MA) is also reversible and centered, but no longer homotopic nor thin. The combination of the MA with homotopic thinning algorithms can result in a topology preserving, reversible skeleton. However, such combination may generate thicker skeletons, and the choice of the thinning algorithm is not obvious. A robust and well defined framework for fast homotopic thinning available in the literature is defined in the domain of abstract complexes. Since the abstract complexes are represented in a doubled resolution grid, some authors have extended the MA to a doubled resolution grid and defined the discrete Euclidean medial axis in higher resolution (HMA). The HMA can be combined with the thinning framework defined on abstract complexes. Other authors have given an alternative definition of medial axis, which is a subset of the MA, called reduced discrete medial axis (RDMA). The RDMA is reversible, thinner than the MA, and it can be computed in optimal time. In this paper, we extend the RDMA to the doubled resolution grid and we define the high-resolution RDMA (HRDMA). We provide an optimal algorithm to compute the HRDMA. The HRDMA can be combined with the thinning framework defined on abstract complexes. The skeleton obtained by such combination is provided with strong characteristics, not found in the literature.     

Effect of addition of Agaricus blazei mushroom residue to milk enriched with Omega‐3 on the prevention of lipid oxidation and bioavailability of bioactive compounds after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

The residue from a hydroalcoholic extract of the mushroom Agaricus blazei (MAR) was evaluated for phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The ability of MAR to slow the oxidation of Omega‐3 resulting from light exposure in milk matrix, and its bioavailability after in vitro digestion was investigated. MAR presented phenolic compounds and flavonoids and showed antioxidant activity. At each concentration, addition of MAR to Omega‐3‐supplemented milk inhibited the production of conjugated dienes and malonaldehyde compared with samples without MAR. The bioavailability assay showed that polyphenols were still present after in vitro digestion and had antioxidant activity.     

Quantitative analysis of the in situ Fourier transform infrared absorption and emission spectrum of gas-phase SiO (Deltav = 1 and 2) produced in Si-N-O fiber growth

The in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of gasphase SiO produced in silicon oxynitride fiber growth has been quantitatively analyzed. Both absorption and emission FT-IR spectra at a spectral resolution of 0.5 cm(-1) were produced from the reaction zone at 1450 degrees C. The fundamental and hot bands were observed with vibrational levels up to v = 7. For the purposes of quantitative analysis the individual vibration-rotation integrated line strengths for the three main isotopes,( 28)SiO,( 29)SiO, and( 30)SiO, were calculated based on ab initio quantum chemical calculations of the electric dipole moment function and the transition moment. Vibrational anharmonicity and Hermann-Wallis correction factors were also incorporated. From the line strengths at specific temperatures and the known Dunham coefficients, the absorbance spectrum was simulated with best fits giving the averaged SiO concentration in the 400 mm reaction zone of 1.0 x 10(17) molecules/cm(3). Such quantitative measurements demonstrate the power of in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The rapid determination of synthetic calibration datasets for chemometric analysis can thus lead to correlation of gas-phase species concentrations with fiber growth properties and subsequently to real-time process control.     

Drying of Wheat Based on the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: A Numerical Study

A new mathematical model to describe simultaneous heat and mass (liquid and vapor) transfer and shrinkage during drying of capillary-porous bodies with particular reference to prolate spheroid solid is presented. As an application, the methodology was used to predict drying of soft red winter wheat (Arthur). The mathematical model was based on the nonequilibrium thermodynamics considering variable transport coefficients and convective boundary conditions at the surface of the solid. All the partial differential equations presented in the model have been written in prolate spheroidal coordinates and solved numerically by a finite-volume method using implicit fully formulation. Results of the drying and heating kinetics and moisture content and temperature distributions in a wheat kernel during drying process are presented and analyzed. The methodology allows verification of the heat, liquid, and vapor fluxes, taking into account the thermal and hydrical gradients inside the grain.     

Effects of monosialoganglioside on a new model of tardive dyskinesia

1- The effects of monosialoganglioside GM1 were studied on a new model of tardive dyskinesia, i.e., the frequency of spontaneous tongue protrusions in rats repeatedly treated with reserpine. 2- Rats were co-treated with vehicle (VEH) or reserpine (RES) (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., every other day) and saline (SAL) or GM1 (5 mg/kg, i.p., every day) for 30 days and observed for tongue protrusions on days 10, 20 and 30. 3- During each test day animals of the RES + SAL group exhibited an increase in tongue protrusions relative to rats of the VEH + SAL group. However, rats of the RES + GM1 group showed an increased frequency of tongue protrusions only on day 10, when compared to animals of the VEH + SAL group. There were no significant differences in tongue protrusion frequency between the VEH + GM1 and the VEH + SAL groups. 4- These results differ from previous studies which reported a facilitatory effect of GM1 co-administration on conventional behavioral animal models of tardive dyskinesia. The possibility is raised that GM1 attenuates the reserpine-induced increase in tongue protrusions through its protective effect on glutamate/oxidative stress neurotoxicity.     

Polymerisation of styrene using Y, USY and β zeolites as catalysts

The homopolymerisation of styrene is studied in the presence of Y, USY and beta zeolites. High molecular weight polymers, in the range 0.7 × 10⁶–1 × 10⁶, are obtained in good yields. The activity of zeolite beta is only slightly increased by calcination of the as-synthesised material, pointing to an important role of the zeolite outer surface. The influence of the catalyst acidity upon the polymer molecular weight is evaluated by the use of dealuminated zeolites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantitative determination of the population biological activity of biological sludges used in the activated sludge waste water treatment process

The population biological activity of biological sludges used in the activated sludge waste water treatment process is defined as that minimum amount of biological sludge, still able to reduce in a 21 h contact period, the soluble COD of a waste water by one half the value equivalent to the BOD_5d. This A_mg^BOD50% 21 h value was determined by incubating hundred fold serial dilutions of a biological sludge with a previously sterilized waste water and by plotting the residual soluble COD remaining after a 21 h incubation period vs the sludge dilution. The method allows any given biological sludge to be readily assayed on any given waste water. Biological sludges were found stable for periods up to three months in the frozen state or when stored at 4°C. Lyophilization of biological sludges resulted in a severe loss of population biological activity. Biological sludges of trade waste water treatment plants were followed for periods up to 70 days. A correlation was found between the population biological activity and changes in environmental factors such as reduced N and P nutrient feeding, reduced aeration or changes in pH. Minor changes resulted in a decrease in population biological activity. Drastic changes resulted in a modified shape of the soluble COD vs biological sludge dilution curves, presumably reflecting deep modifications of the waste water-treating biological community.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Photocatalytic Activity in Visible Light of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-W Flame Spray Synthesised Nanopowders

Effect of W doping as well as a thermal treatment on the structural and photocatalytic properties of TiO₂ produced by flame spray synthesis (FSS) were the subject of investigation. Structural properties were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET adsorption isotherm and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface condition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TGA). The photocatalytic properties were studied by optical measurements and photodecomposition of methylene blue under visible irradiation. It was found that the photoactivity in the visible region was enhanced significantly by the W-doping as well as by additional thermal treatment of those nanopowders. The obtained TiO₂-W nanopowders exhibited higher performance under visible light than P25.