便携机的法律缺陷

便携媒体播放机促成了更多的无意识盗版行为,未经许可复制DVD与制作音频C D副本一样是违法的。     

Differences in wearer response to garments for outdoor activity

The performance of garments for outdoor activity was compared. Three fabrics, each in garments for the upper body, matched garment/wearer dimensions, were worn by 10 athletically 'well-trained' males under controlled conditions (hot 32 +/- 2 degrees C, 20 +/- 2% relative humidity (RH); cold 8 +/- 2 degrees C, 40 +/- 2% RH) with physical (instrumental) and sensory responses obtained during the trials. Differences in human responses to the fabrics/garments included heart rate, core temperature during run (hot, cold), rest (hot) and walk (cold), heat content of the body, humidity under garments during rest and run and time to onset of sweating. No such differences were identified for change in body mass, core temperature during walk (hot) and rest (cold), skin temperature, temperature of skin covered by the garment, humidity under the garments during walk or for any perceptions (thermal sensations, thermal comfort of torso, exertion, wetness). The garment in single jersey wool fabric performed best in both hot and cold conditions. Effects of garments on wearers are often related to properties of the fabrics from which the garments are made. This study shows that only some differences in fabric properties result in measurable thermophysiological and perceptual responses of the garment wearers and underlines the difficulty in predicting performance of garments/persons from laboratory tests on fabrics.     

An ontological engineering approach for automating inspection and quarantine at airports

Customs and quarantine departments are applying information systems to automate their inspection processes and improve their inspection efficiency and accuracy. The product codes from the Harmonized System (HS codes) are the essential elements of the system's integration, automation and intelligence. The identified HS codes are well-accepted and precise product references used by customs authorities, to match applicable policies to the products being inspected and taxed. Domain ontology for importing and exporting industry can be used to acquire HS codes for given products, and is a prerequisite for an integrated and intelligent automated inspection system. The authors have proposed and implemented an importing and exporting domain ontology. The ontology is composed of an integrated and comprehensive knowledge base derived from static dictionaries and the HS specification, and dynamic processing data. Based on this ontology, a reasoning engine is developed to generate HS codes intelligently for the given product names. Information systems can use the engine to get HS codes for submitted products and find applicable policies automatically. The ontology and the engine have been implemented in a Java-based platform and published as a HS Web service. In this paper, knowledge structure, reasoning mechanism and implementation details for the domain ontology and reasoning engine are presented. A test bed in the application environment has been conducted and experimental results have been obtained. The ontology and the service have the potential to be widely used by authorities and international traders of importing and exporting industry around the world.     

High Figure of Merit (FOM) of Bragg Modes in Au‐Coated Nanodisk Arrays for Plasmonic Sensing

Gold‐coated nanodisk arrays of nearly micron periodicity are reported that have high figure of merit (FOM) and sensitivity necessary for plasmonic refractometric sensing, with the added benefit of suitability for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), large‐scale microfabrication using standard photolithographic techniques and a simple instrumental setup. Gold nanodisk arrays are covered with a gold layer to excite the Bragg modes (BM), which are the propagative surface plasmons localized by the diffraction from the disk array. This generates surface‐guided modes, localized as standing waves, leading to highly confined fields confirmed by a mapping of the SERS intensity and numerical simulations with 3D finite element method. The optimal gold‐coated nanodisk arrays are applied for refractometric sensing in transmission spectroscopy with better performance than nanohole arrays and they are integrated to a 96‐well plate reader for detection of IgY proteins in the nanometer range in PBS. The potential for sensing in biofluids is assessed with IgG detection in 1:1 diluted urine. The structure exhibits a high FOM of up to 46, exceeding the FOM of structures supporting surface plasmon polaritons and comparable to more complex nanostructures, demonstrating that subwavelength features are not necessary for high‐performance plasmonic sensing.     

Effectiveness of a participatory ergonomics intervention in improving communication and psychosocial exposures

A participatory ergonomics programme was implemented in an automotive parts manufacturing factory in which an ergonomics change team was formed, composed of members from management, the organized labour union and the research team. It was hypothesized that the participatory nature of this change process would result in enhanced worker perceptions of workplace communication dynamics, decision latitude and influence, which in conjunction with anticipated mechanical exposure reductions would lead to reduced worker pain severity. Utilizing a sister plant in the corporation as a referent group, a quasi-experimental design was employed with a longitudinal, repeat questionnaire approach to document pre-post intervention changes. Nine participatory activities (psychosocial interventions) were implemented as part of the process. Communication dynamics regarding ergonomics were significantly enhanced at the intervention plant compared to the referent plant. However, there were no significantly different changes in worker perceptions of decision latitude or influence between the two plants, nor did pain severity change. Possible explanations for these results include limited intervention intensity, context and co-intervention differences between the two plants, high plant turnover reducing the statistical power of the study and lack of sensitivity and specificity in the psychosocial measures used. Further research should include the development of psychosocial tools more specific to participatory ergonomic interventions and the assessment of the extent of change in psychosocial factors that might be associated with improvements in pain.     

Negotiating participation: understanding the "how" in an ergonomic change team

In participatory ergonomic (PE) interventions, "how" effective participation by workplace parties can be achieved remains unclear. We conducted a case study of the dynamics of an ergonomic change team (ECT) process in a medium-sized (175 employees) automotive foam manufacturing plant. We present analyses of observer field notes and post-intervention interviews from which key elements on the dynamics of the "how" emerged: (1) impacts of facilitators' involvement and interests; (2) tensions in delimiting the scope of ECT activities; issues around (3) managing meetings and (4) realizing labour and management participation; and (5) workplace ECT members' difficulties in juggling other job commitments and facing production pressures. We highlight the ongoing negotiated nature of responses to these challenges by labour, management and ergonomic facilitator members of the ECT. We argue for greater examination of the social dynamics of PE processes to identify additional ways of fostering participation in ergonomic project implementation.     

The importance of different timings of excitatory and inhibitory pathways in neural field models

In this paper, we consider a neural field model comprised of two distinct populations of neurons, excitatory and inhibitory, for which both the velocities of action potential propagation and the time courses of synaptic processing are different. Using recently-developed techniques, we construct the Evans function characterising the stability of both stationary and travelling wave solutions, under the assumption that the firing rate function is the Heaviside step. We find that these differences in timing for the two populations can cause instabilities of these solutions, leading to, for example, stationary breathers. We also analyse "anti-pulses", a novel type of pattern for which all but a small interval of the domain (in moving coordinates) is active. These results extend previous work on neural fields with space-dependent delays, and demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of the different time-courses of excitatory and inhibitory neural activity.     

The Capabilities of Some Species of Artificial Organisms

Abstract

A species of artificial organism in which individuals consist of freely interacting elementary components enclosed in an expandible envelope is described. Some organisms of this species are shown to be universal instruction-obeying mechanisms. Several procedures by which such artificial organisms might reproduce are presented and discussed.     

Computer Simulation of a Living Cell: Metabolic Control System Experiments

Abstract

This paper reports on some interesting experiments performed on a simulated model of a living cell. The basic model is that of Weinberg [35] and the underlying techniques employed are described by Zeigler and Weinberg [41]. The cell was subjected to step changes in its nutrient environment.