CT of appendicitis in children

PURPOSE: Our goal was to review the CT findings and to help define the role of CT in the evaluation of appendicitis in children. METHOD: Of 730 children with surgically proven appendicitis, 22 underwent preoperative CT evaluation. Their CT scans and operative and pathology records were retrospectively reviewed. The CT scans were evaluated for appendiceal wall thickness, diameter, and location, appendicoliths, pericecal inflammation, phlegmon, abscess, free fluid, small bowel dilatation, and bowel wall thickening. Criteria for diagnosing appendicitis were (a) appendiceal wall thickening (> 1 mm) or (b) presence of abscess, phlegmon, or pericecal inflammation associated with appendicolith(s). Prospective reports of ultrasound examinations performed within 2 days of the CT scans were available in 14 children and were correlated with the CT findings. RESULTS: An abnormally thickened appendix, with a diameter ranging from 9 to 18 mm, was seen in four children. Three appendices were retrocecal and one was near the cecal tip, anterior to the iliac vessels. Appendicoliths were present in 10 children, multiple in 1. Abscesses were seen in 13 of 22 children, multiple in 5. Phlegmon was seen in five children and pericecal inflammation in two. Bowel wall thickening was present in seven children and small bowel dilatation was noted in six. Other findings included free fluid, hydronephrosis, thickening of urinary bladder wall, air in the uterus and vagina, adenopathy, and thickening of the abdominal wall musculature. CT was diagnostic of appendicitis in 11 of 22 children (50%). In 14 children with both ultrasound and CT studies, CT was slightly better in diagnosing appendicitis and visualizing the abnormal appendix and was superior in defining the presence and extent of abscess and inflammation in 9 of 14 children. CONCLUSION: CT is a useful adjunct in diagnosing appendicitis in children, with a major role in cases of complicated appendicitis.     

Antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide-containing endodontic sealers on Enterococcus faecalis in vitro

Nickel-titanium instruments purportedly resist deformation and loss of sharpness better than do stainless steel instruments but may be more susceptible to breakage. The processes of wear and breakage of nickel-titanium and stainless steel instruments were examined. Sixty files of five types (12 each) and three manufacturers were used. All were used repeatedly in curved canals until failure or for a maximum of 22 minutes. Each instrument was examined with scanning electron microscopy both new (control) and at spaced intervals for evidence of wear and fatigue. All new instruments were of good quality. Stainless steel instrument tended to wear the most rapidly, and next were nickel-titanium rotary instruments; the most resistant to wear were nickel-titanium hand instruments. There were few instrument separations. In general, nickel-titanium (particularly hand) instruments resisted deterioration better than did stainless steel. Nickel-titanium rotary instruments (2 of 12) had the most breakage.     

Biomechanical regularities in the distribution of tension in various topographic zones of the eyelids in children in health and myopia of different degree

The authors assessed the method for life-time study of the biomechanical characteristics of ocular tissues in 281 children (562 eyes) aged 7 to 14 years. The method for assessing the biomechanics of the eyelids is described. In detail. The rates of propagation of acoustic waves in normal tissue and in 1.0 to 6.0 diopters myopia are presented. A correlation has been revealed between the increase of the velocity of acoustic surface waves, propagating in the horizontal direction in the internal segment of the orbital area of the upper eyelids, and the value of clinical refraction in myopia. The authors consider clinical signs of myopia-screwing up one's eyes and a wider lid slit-from a biomechanical viewpoint.