有机镍催化剂对稠油的降粘作用

利用自制的油酸镍和镍联吡啶铬合物有机镍均相催化剂对胜利油田稠油进行降粘实验.结果表明,两种催化剂都能有效地降低稠油粘度.在240℃,2MPa条件下,使用油酸镍催化剂,当催化剂加入量为稠油质量的0.2%时,反应24h后稠油降粘率为62.7%,使用镍联吡啶催化剂,当催化剂加入量为稠油质量的0.2%,水加入量为稠油质量的10%时,反应24h后稠油降粘率达到63.0%。族组成分析发现,反应后油品中饱和烃含量增加,芳香烃、胶质和沥青质含量减少。在降粘过程中稠油的重质组分发生了催化裂解,并伴随有C-S健和C-C键断裂,生成硫化氢、甲烷、乙烷等气体。     

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING Roles of biomolecules in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles: Case of gardenia jasminoides extract

Rapid development of biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants has attracted extensive interests to further investigate this novel and eco-friendly method. In the biosynthesis process, the plant may act as reducing agent, capping agent or shape directing agent. However, identifying specific roles of various components in the plant is challenging. In this study, we use biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ex-tract to address this issue. The formation process of silver nanoparticles is investigated and the nanoparticles are characterized with the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra and scanning electron mi-croscopy. The results indicate that the Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract can reduce silver ions to form silver nanoparticles, stabilize the nanoparticles, and affect the growth of silver nanocrystal to form silver nanowires. Only geniposide in the extract exhibits good shape-directing ability for silver nanowires. It is found that bovine albumin is a potential capping agent, whereas rutin, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid possess reducing and capping ability.     

贵金属纳米颗粒及其催化剂的生物还原制备技术

利用自行筛选的具有强还原能力的菌株制备得到银纳米颗粒,所得颗粒的粒径基本在10 nm以下,主要集中在2～8nm.将生物还原过程进一步引入催化剂制备过程.得到负载犁银催化剂和负载型钯催化剂,并将催化剂分别应用于1,2一丙二醇空气氧化合成丙酮醛、CO氧化生产CO2以及蒽醌加氢反应中.     

高浓度淀粉废水水解--好氧循环一体化处理工艺的初步研究

A new recycling hydrolytic-aerobic combined process was developed to treat the high concentration organic wastewater. Simulated wastewater containing 10g·L-1 starch with a CODcr value of 10000 mg·L-1 was used. At first, the hydrolytic degradation and aerobic degradation process were examined in two batch reactors, respectively. In the stand-alone hydrolytic process, starch in the wastewater almost disappeared after 11 h treatment, but CODcr remained as high as 5803 mg·L-1 after two days. In the aerobic process, the biodegradation rate of starch was much slower during the first 11 h than that in the hydrolytic process, although the CODcr removal efficiency reached 89.6% and more than 90% starch could be degraded after 37.5 h. To determine the interaction effects of the two processes, a series of hydrolytic-aerobic combinations were examined in details. Hydrolytic process played an important role in the whole recycle combination process as it could improve the biodegradability of the high concentration     

Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附热力学和动力学特性

以黑曲霉菌作为生物吸附剂,研究其对Au(Ⅲ)离子的吸附特性,考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度和初始Au(Ⅲ)离子浓度等因素对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程对溶液pH值具有一定的依赖性,最佳pH值为2.0～3.0。升温能明显加快吸附进程,20℃下吸附过程分为2个阶段进行,分别对应于Au(Ⅲ)离子还原前和还原后的吸附,24 h后吸附趋于平衡,而30、40、60℃下吸附过程均无明显分段现象,并分别于12、6、1 h后趋于吸附平衡。Au(Ⅲ)离子初始浓度<233.32 mg·L^-1时,吸附量几乎不随温度的变化而变化,初始浓度>367.94 mg·L^-1时,升温明显促进了吸附的进行。Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程很好地模拟,20、30、40、50℃时其饱和吸附量分别为185.19、202.02、235.85、277.78 mg·g^-1。热力学参数Gibbs自由能变(ΔG⁰)、吸附焓变(ΔH⁰)和吸附熵变(ΔS⁰)的计算结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程是一个自发的吸热和熵增过程。吸附动力学可用准二级速率方程描述,吸附活化能为55.71 kJ·mol^-1。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析的结果进一步揭示了菌体表面的酰氨基、羧基和羟基是参与吸附的主要功能基团。     

地黄中水苏糖的分离与脱色

用超滤法和吸附法对地黄水苏糖提取液进行了初步分离和脱色。考察了微滤预处理、操作压力、温度及体积浓缩比对膜通量的影响,确定的最佳超滤工艺为:压力0.10 MPa,温度50℃,体积浓缩比8。应用该工艺可使w(水苏糖)由28.3%提高到40.5%,对溶液的脱色率达72.4%。将超滤透过液分别用活性炭、A l2O3和5种离子交换树脂进一步脱色,活性炭的脱色效果最佳,进而考察了活性炭用量、温度、脱色时间及pH对脱色率的影响。确定的最佳脱色条件为:温度50℃,活性炭0.3 g/L,脱色时间2.5 h,pH 4.0。在该条件下,脱色率可达99.1%。     

从大蒜细胞中分离纯化出超氧化物歧化酶

对从大蒜细胞中提取超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxidedismutase,SOD)的工艺过程进行了研究。通过对热变性法、等电点法、丙酮分级沉淀法和硫酸铵盐析法等几种方法的实验分析比较,找出一套操作简便SOD总收率高的分离纯化工艺。     

在省水利水电基建工作会议上的总结讲话(摘要)

省水利水电基建工作会议,今天就要结束了,会议总结了近年来我省水利水电基建改革的经验和存在的问题,明确了今后如何坚持改革的具体要求,统一了思想,提高了认识,达到了会议的预期目的.     

循环流速对活性污泥水解-好氧循环工艺处理活性艳蓝KN-R废水的影响

采用活性污泥水解-好氧循环工艺降解活性艳蓝KN-R废水,研究了水解、好氧反应器间循环流速对废水色度和化学需氧量(COD)去除效果的影响以及水解反应器中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的变化规律.研究结果表明,废水色度和COD去除率随循环流速增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势.循环流速过大,不利于COD和色度的去除.但提高循环流速,有助于减少水解反应器中VFA的积累.紫外-可见光谱分析显示,经过24 h处理后的废水,活性艳蓝KN-R的特征吸收峰降至最低,表明了活性艳蓝KN-R得到了生物降解.     

二甲酸钾的绿色合成

以甲酸和氢氧化钾为原料,不外加任何溶剂一步合成二甲酸钾。通过单因素实验,考察了原料配比、反应温度和反应时间对产品质量与收率的影响。采用正交实验进一步优化了合成工艺,确定了最佳工艺条件:n(HCOOH)/n(KOH)=2.2、反应温度70℃、反应时间30 m in,在该条件下,二甲酸钾产品收率达98%以上。所得产品经红外光谱分析及熔点测定,其结果与文献报道一致。反应过程绿色化,有很好的原子经济性。