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Uniprocessor schedulability theory made great strides, in part, due to the simplicity of composing the delay of a job from
the execution times of higher-priority jobs that preempt it. In this paper, we bound the end-to-end delay of a job in a multistage
pipeline as a function of job execution times on different stages under preemptive as well as non-preemptive scheduling. We
show that the end-to-end delay is bounded by that of a single virtual “bottleneck” stage plus a small additive component. This contribution effectively transforms the pipeline into a
single stage system. The wealth of schedulability analysis techniques derived for uniprocessors can then be applied to decide
the schedulability of the pipeline. The transformation does not require imposing artificial per-stage deadlines, but rather
models the pipeline as a whole and uses the end-to-end deadlines directly in the single-stage analysis. It also does not make
assumptions on job arrival patterns or periodicity and thus can be applied to periodic and aperiodic tasks alike. We show
through simulations that this approach outperforms previous pipeline schedulability tests except for very short pipelines
or when deadlines are sufficiently large. The reason lies in the way we account for execution overlap among stages. We discuss
how previous approaches account for overlap and point out interesting differences that lead to different performance advantages
in different cases. Further, we also show that in certain cases non-preemptive scheduling can result in higher system utilization
than preemptive scheduling in pipelined systems. We hope that the pipeline delay composition rule, derived in this paper,
may be a step towards a general schedulability analysis foundation for large distributed systems.
相似文献
Tarek AbdelzaherEmail: |
4.
Po-Ying Yeh Nicholas A. A. Rossi Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu Mu Chiao 《Microfluidics and nanofluidics》2010,9(2-3):199-209
A poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based functional microfluidic device containing a charged matrix of PDMS pillar arrays grafted with hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) was developed. Samples of PDMS were modified with allylamine plasma to form amine groups on the surface prior to the covalent grafting of succinimdyl ester-functionalized HPGs. The anionic functionality of the PDMS channel matrices was developed by altering the number of carboxyl groups present on the HPGs. The grafting of HPGs onto PDMS plates was investigated via contact angle measurement and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), while the grafting of the inside channel was investigated by electroosmotic flow (EOF) measurements. The charge density on grafted HPG was optimized to minimize the nonspecific protein adsorption and increase the selective capture of positively charged proteins. A proof-of-concept device was fabricated on PDMS and demonstrated that the device selectively captures positively charged protein (avidin) from a mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-avidin at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In order to increase the capture efficiency of the proteins in this PDMS-based device, pillar arrays have been fabricated within the channel. As a demonstration, the new device separated two proteins with an avidin capture efficiency of 100 ± 2.95% per 3 min from a 0.02 mg/ml protein solution (avidin:BSA wt ratio: 1:1). This new microfluidic-based device shows a great deal of promise as a tool for protein capture and analysis. 相似文献
5.
A reliability growth model is an analytic tool that accounts for changes in reliability due to design modifications and other corrective actions taken during the develpment, production, and use of a new piece of equipment. This paper describes a simulation study, and its conclusions, comparing four general reliability growth models that have been proposed in the reliability literature. Details of the simulation results are available in a separate Supplement. 相似文献
6.
Anaerobic co-digestion of hazardous tannery solid waste and primary sludge: biodegradation kinetics and metabolite analysis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A. Thangamani Suseela Rajakumar R. A. Ramanujam 《Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy》2010,12(5):517-524
Generation of solid waste is inherent to manufacture of leather from skin and hide. Solid wastes generated at various unit
operations of the tanning process considerably vary in quantity and composition. Fleshing is a type of animal tissue waste
generated during the preparatory leather processing stage in relatively larger quantities as compared to other types of solid
waste in the tanning industry. Fleshing mainly contains fat and protein and residual chemicals such as lime and sulphide used
in the ‘unhairing’ process of beam house operation. Another type of solid waste in tanning industry which requires safe disposal
is the primary sludge from tannery wastewater treatment plant. This study shows that both fleshing and primary sludge contains
a significant quantity of volatile solids amenable for biodegradation. Different proportions of waste fleshing and primary
sludge were subjected to anaerobic digestion. The studies were carried out in a laboratory scale reactor with an aim of developing
an appropriate technology for recovery of bioenergy from the waste and subsequently ensure their safe disposal. Volatile solid
destruction between 41 and 52%, specific gas production between 0.419 and 0.635 l/g volatile solids feed and methane yield
between 71 and 77% were achieved. Further, the biomethanation potential of animal fleshing and substrate specific kinetics
of the reaction process were also examined. 相似文献
7.
Jit Biswas Andrei Tolstikov Maniyeri Jayachandran Victor Foo Aung Aung Phyo Wai Clifton Phua Weimin Huang Louis Shue Kavitha Gopalakrishnan Jer-En Lee Philip Yap 《电信纪事》2010,65(9-10):505-521
Monitoring and timely intervention are extremely important in the continuous management of health and wellness among all segments of the population, but particularly among those with mild dementia. In relation to this, we prescribe three design principles for the construction of services and applications. These are ambient intelligence, service continuity, and micro-context. In this paper, we provide three exemplars from our research and development activities that illustrate the use of these design principles in the construction of services and applications. All the applications are drawn from the field of care for mild dementia patients in their living quarters. 相似文献
8.
Evaluation of connection flexibility in cold formed steel racks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Prabha V. Marimuthu M. Saravanan S. Arul Jayachandran 《Journal of Constructional Steel Research》2010,66(7):863-872
Steel storage racks are three-dimensional framed structures fabricated from cold formed steel sections, wherein hook-in end connectors are used to make beam-column connections which are basically boltless and semi-rigid in nature. Different types of beam end connectors with different geometry of the connected members are available, making it impossible to develop a generalized analytical model. Only very few theoretical models are available to evaluate the performance of the joints for some typical connectors. More often experimental evaluation and numerical studies are needed to predict the behaviour of every different type of connectors. In the present study eighteen experiments were conducted on a commercially available pallet rack connection by varying the most influencing parameters such as thickness of the column, depth of the connector and the depth of the beam. The main objective of this work is to quantify the beam to column joint, flexibility of commonly used pallet rack frame and to develop a general Frye-Morris type/three parameter power model type moment versus relative rotation relationship. A companion finite element shell model that simulates the experimental behaviour closely is developed using ABAQUS finite element software, which is also used for further parametric studies. Using the three major variables as size parameters, a Frye-Morris type of equation has been proposed. Some calibration studies have also been carried out. Using the ultimate moment capacity, initial connection stiffness and the shape parameter obtained, a three parameter power model has also been proposed to represent the moment-rotation behaviour of the boltless connections. 相似文献
9.
V. Malathy S. Sivaranjani V. S. Vidhya T. Balasubramanian J. Joseph Prince C. Sanjeeviraja M. Jayachandran 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2010,21(12):1299-1307
RF sputtering process has been used to deposit highly transparent and conducting films of tin-doped indium oxide onto quartz
substrates keeping the RF power constant at 250 W. The electrical, optical and structural properties have been investigated
as a function of substrate temperature. XRD has shown that deposited films are polycrystalline and have (400) preferred orientation.
Indium tin oxide layers with low resistivity values and high transmittance in the visible region have been deposited. Detailed
Analyses based on X-ray diffraction, optical and electrical results are attempted to gain more insight into the factors that
are governed by the influence of varying substrate temperature in this investigation. AFM pictures showed uniform surface
morphology with very low surface roughness values. It has been observed that ITO films deposited in this study, keeping the
substrate temperature at 150 °C, can provide the required optimum electrical and optical properties rendering them useful
for developing many optoelectronic devices at a moderate temperature. 相似文献
10.
V. S. Vidhya J. Vatsala Rani A. Ratheesh Kumar R. Thangamuthu K. R. Murali M. Jayachandran 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2011,22(9):1460-1465
ZnO thin films were potentiostatically electrodeposited on transparent tin oxide conducting glass substrates at ?1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in the presence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate [bmim][CH3SO4]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation confirm the formation of nanocrystalline and stoichiometric ZnO thin films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results reveal that the grain size of the deposited ZnO film is reduced from 85 to 28 nm when small amount of ionic liquid is added to the deposition bath. Photoluminescence study at room temperature shows a clear absorption edge in the ultra violet (UV) region confirming the high quality, nanocrystalline and stoichiometric nature of the deposited ZnO films. 相似文献