Scherfließen und Wandgleiten von Massen für den Pulverspritzguss

This contribution presents coupling of laws for shear flow and wall slipping by the shear stress at the slipping interface. It includes the special case of Coulombian friction postulated by Uhland as well as the assumption of a constant sliding velocity along the flow channel according to Mooney. As an example, Ostwald and de Waele's law of shear thinning flow is combined with a shear stress of sliding depending on internal pressure by a power law. Examined feedstocks for metal injection molding showed a rheological behavior according to the model presented.     

A functional and kinetic comparison of antiviral effector and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte populations in vivo and in vitro

To analyze the critical parameters for effective antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in vivo, control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in the spleen was studied after adoptive transfer of different spleen cell populations into preinfected recipients. The quantitative, qualitative and kinetic requirements for virus control were defined and related to in vitro assays to compare the antiviral protective function of CTL from naive, acutely infected and memory mice. Treatment of mice with an established but limited LCMV infection by adoptive transfer of spleen cells from acutely LCMV-infected mice led to complete virus elimination mainly mediated by donor-derived CD8+ T cell-mediated, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. Since virus is continuously spreading and the number of infected target cells rapidly increases, the time until target cell lysis is achieved was critical: if release of viral progeny was not prevented early, additional time to perform effector function did not improve overall virus control. When the function of various cell populations was compared in this model, we found that CTL from naive and memory mice perform considerably less well than CTL from acutely infected mice. In vitro studies indicated that this is probably due to the fact that they can not fulfill the limiting time requirements for immediate antiviral protection: while CTL from acutely infected mice can perform lytic effector function immediately, memory CTL require a considerable reactivation time before they can lyse infected target cells. This reactivation does not necessarily involve cell division. These findings illustrate how critical time limitations are for CTL to mediate early control of a dynamic virus infection in vivo.     

Bystander activation of cytotoxic T cells: studies on the mechanism and evaluation of in vivo significance in a transgenic mouse model

Bystander activation, i.e., activation of T cells specific for an antigen X during an immune response against antigen Y may occur during viral infections. However, the low frequency of bystander-activated T cells has rendered it difficult to define the mechanisms and possible in vivo relevance of this nonspecific activation. This study uses transgenic mice expressing a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted TCR specific for glycoprotein peptide 33-41 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to overcome this limitation. CD8+ T cells from specific pathogen-free maintained, unimmunized "naive" TCR transgenic mice can differentiate into LCMV-specific cytolytic effector CTL during infections with vaccinia virus or Listeria monocytogenes in vivo or mixed lymphocyte culture in vitro. We show that in these model situations (a) nonspecifically activated CTL are able to confer antiviral protection in vivo, (b) bystander activation is largely independent of the expression of a second T cell receptor of different specificity, (c) bystander activation is not mediated by a broadly cross-reactive TCR, but rather by cytokines, (d) bystander activation can be mediated by cytokines such as IL-2, but not alpha/beta-IFN in vitro; (e) bystander activation is, overall, a rare event, occuring in vivo in roughly 1 in 200 of the LCMV-specific CTL during infection of TCR transgenic mice with vaccinia virus; (f) bystander activation does not have a significant functional impact on nontransgenic CTL memory under the conditions tested; and (g) even in the TCR transgenic situation, where unphysiologically high numbers of T cells of a single specificity are present, bystander activation is not sufficient to cause clinically manifest autoimmune disease in a transgenic mouse model of diabetes. We conclude that although bystander activation via cytokines may generate cytolytically active CTL from naive precursors, quantitative considerations suggest that this is usually not of major biological consequence.     

A scanning probe-based pick-and-place procedure for assembly of integrated quantum optical hybrid devices

Integrated quantum optical hybrid devices consist of fundamental constituents such as single emitters and tailored photonic nanostructures. A reliable fabrication method requires the controlled deposition of active nanoparticles on arbitrary nanostructures with highest precision. Here, we describe an easily adaptable technique that employs picking and placing of nanoparticles with an atomic force microscope combined with a confocal setup. In this way, both the topography and the optical response can be monitored simultaneously before and after the assembly. The technique can be applied to arbitrary particles. Here, we focus on nanodiamonds containing single nitrogen vacancy centers, which are particularly interesting for quantum optical experiments on the single photon and single emitter level.     

Encapsulation and delivery of protein from within poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel beads

Advancement of therapeutic protein therapies can be hindered by their poor stability and short in vivo half-life. There is emerging evidence that biocompatible zwitterionic materials can prevent nonspecific interactions within proteins systems that contribute to protein instability. Here, zwitterionic hydrogel beads are synthesized from poly(sulfobetaine methyl methacrylate), pSB, using an inverse emulsion, free radical polymerization reaction technique. The transport properties within the zwitterionic hydrogels were characterized using ¹H NMR diffusometry. Equilibrium water content as high as 0.90 was measured for the synthesized hydrogels. Our study revealed that the pSB hydrogels are nontoxic, ion responsive, and their swelling is temperature dependent. The zwitterionic hydrogel beads were capable of undergoing lyophilization without aggregation. Hydrogel beads were loaded with a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), using a postfabrication loading technique. The protein loading was studied using confocal laser microscopy, indicating homogenous protein dispersion of up to 40 μg BSA/mg hydrogel within the beads. Furthermore, the release rate of the protein from the synthesized hydrogel was studied at different crosslinker to monomer ratios. The protein encapsulated within the zwitterionic hydrogel had slower rates of thermal aggregation compared to nonencapsulated protein in solution. Furthermore, the protein-loaded inside the zwitterionic hydrogel better maintained its bioactivity.     

CdSe quantum dot formation: alternative paths to relaxation of a strained CdSe layer and influence of the capping conditions

CdSe/ZnSe quantum dot formation is investigated by studying different steps of the growth. To precisely control the critical thickness of CdSe grown on a ZnSe buffer layer, the CdSe self-regulated growth rate in atomic layer epitaxy growth mode is determined by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements for a temperature range between 180 and 280?°C. Then, the two-dimensional-three-dimensional (2D-3D) transition of a strained CdSe layer on (001)-ZnSe induced by the use of amorphous selenium is studied. The formation of CdSe islands is found when 3?monolayers (ML) of CdSe are deposited. When only 2.5?ML of CdSe are deposited, another relaxation mechanism is observed, leading to the appearance of strong undulations on the surface. We also studied the evolution of the surface morphology when 2.7?ML are deposited, to study the boundary between those two phenomena. The influence of capping on quantum dot morphology is investigated. It is found that cadmium is redistributed within the layer during capping. Our results show that the cadmium distribution after capping depends on the capping temperature and on the strain of the CdSe layer. Cadmium incorporation after capping is also studied. It is found that the amount of incorporated cadmium depends on the strain of the CdSe layer before capping.     

Das Sintern in der Prozesskette des Pulverspritzgießens

This contribution relates shrinkage of porous bodies while sintering directly to diminution of internal surface. Based on dilatometric measurements, the kinetic model presented predicts shrinkage for any given temperature‐time history. In addition to the known concept of the master sintering curve (MSC), different powder size distributions, different initial densities and an activation energy varying during the course of sintering can be taken into account. In the early stage of sintering, measured shrinkage differs from values obtained by regression according to the models presented in a systematic manner. The differences are ascribed to transformations occurring before and in the course of sintering. In this case we propose amending of sintering models by incorporating transformations influencing the rate of sintering.     

Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning.

We examined the impact of training-induced improvements in self-regulation, operationalized in terms of response inhibition, on longitudinal changes in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning. Data were collected from participants undergoing 3 months of intensive meditation training in an isolated retreat setting (Retreat 1) and a wait-list control group that later underwent identical training (Retreat 2). A 32-min response inhibition task (RIT) was designed to assess sustained self-regulatory control. Adaptive functioning (AF) was operationalized as a single latent factor underlying self-report measures of anxious and avoidant attachment, mindfulness, ego resilience, empathy, the five major personality traits (extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience), difficulties in emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being. Participants in Retreat 1 improved in RIT performance and AF over time whereas the controls did not. The control participants later also improved on both dimensions during their own retreat (Retreat 2). These improved levels of RIT performance and AF were sustained in follow-up assessments conducted approximately 5 months after the training. Longitudinal dynamic models with combined data from both retreats showed that improvement in RIT performance during training influenced the change in AF over time, which is consistent with a key claim in the Buddhist literature that enhanced capacity for self-regulation is an important precursor of changes in emotional well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)