Cognitive shifting as a predictor of progress in social understanding in high-functioning adolescents with autism: a prospective study

The pyrolytic behavior of inulin, a (2-->1)-linked fructofuranan, is described. Parallel investigations of the pyrolysis of glucose and of fructose were conducted to supplement the inulin results and to aid comparison with previous results from glucans. Effects of neutral and basic additives are emphasized. As with glucans, the addition of such additives (especially basic) increases the yields of the one-, two-, and three-carbon products (as well as of hexosaccharinolactones), while generally decreasing the yields of anhydro sugar and furan derivatives. The former products include glycolaldehyde, acetol, dihydroxy-acetone, acetic acid, formic acid, and lactic acid. Mechanistic speculations are made regarding the origins of these compounds, as well as of furan derivatives and saccharinic acid lactones. Parallels with alkaline degradation are considered.     

Detection and management of foreign bodies in soft tissue

The discovery and management of foreign bodies in soft tissue are challenging problems for emergency physicians. History, physical examination, and thorough wound exploration serve as the screening test for the presence of foreign bodies. Various radiographic studies can be performed to confirm the diagnosis, to identify the object's composition and shape, and to determine its approximate location in the tissues. Once the object is discovered, the clinician must weigh the potential harm of the foreign body in its current location against the risks of attempting removal.     

A 16-Mb MRAM featuring bootstrapped write drivers

A 16-Mb magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is demonstrated in 0.18-/spl mu/m three-Cu-level CMOS with a three-level MRAM process adder. The chip, the highest density MRAM reported to date, utilizes a 1.42/spl mu/m/sup 2/ 1-transistor 1-magnetic tunnel junction (1T1MTJ) cell, measures 79 mm/sup 2/ and features a /spl times/16 asynchronous SRAM-like interface. The paper describes the cell, architecture, and circuit techniques unique to multi-Mb MRAM design, including a novel bootstrapped write driver circuit. Hardware results are presented.     

Analyzing execution traces: critical-path analysis and distance analysis

International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer - System designers make trade-offs between metrics of interest such as execution time, functional quality and cost to create a...     

Resource-efficient routing and scheduling of time-constrained streaming communication on networks-on-chip

Network-on-chip-based multiprocessor systems-on-chip are considered as future embedded systems platforms. One of the steps in mapping an application onto such a parallel platform involves scheduling the communication on the network-on-chip. This paper presents different scheduling strategies that minimize resource usage by exploiting all scheduling freedom offered by networks-on-chip. It also introduces a technique to take the dynamism in applications into account when scheduling the communication of an application on the network-on-chip while minimizing the resource usage. Our experiments show that resource-utilization is improved when compared to existing techniques.     

Lattice BGK direct numerical simulation of fully developed turbulence in incompressible plane channel flow

Over the last decade, lattice Boltzmann methods have proven to be reliable and efficient tools for the numerical simulation of complex flows. The specifics of such methods as turbulence solvers, however, are not yet completely documented. This paper provides results of direct numerical simulations (DNS), by a lattice Boltzmann scheme, of fully developed, incompressible, pressure-driven turbulence between two parallel plates. These are validated against results from simulations using a standard Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method. Detailed comparisons, in terms of classical one-point turbulence statistics at moderate Reynolds number, with both numerical and experimental data show remarkable agreement.

Consequently, the choice of numerical method has, in sufficiently resolved DNS computations, no dominant effect at least on simple statistical quantities such as mean flow and Reynolds stresses. Since only the method-independent statistics can be credible, the choice of numerical method for DNS should be determined mainly through considerations of computational efficiency. The expected practical advantages of the lattice Boltzmann method, for instance against pseudo-spectral methods, are found to be significant even for the simple geometry and the moderate Reynolds number considered here. This permits the conclusion that the lattice Boltzmann approach is a promising DNS tool for incompressible turbulence.     

Interactions between simultaneously activated behavioral systems in the rat.

Interactions between electrically induced attack and teeth-chattering from 1 electrode and grooming from another were examined in male albino rats. The interaction between electrically induced attacks and deprivation-induced feeding, as well as the effect of food deprivation on attack, was also studied. Results indicate that attack appears to be a dominant response, for it suppressed grooming and feeding at a low level of activation. On the other hand, it was not affected by simultaneously induced grooming or feeding. However, food deprivation decreased the threshold for attack, leaving attack latency, attack form, or bite targets unaffected. Teeth-chattering, suggested to be related to attack and flight, was also a dominant response. Results suggest that interactions between behavioral systems are in favor of the systems that must act acutely on activation in order to survive. Apparently, the regulations governing these interactions are represented in the functional organization of the brain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep slaughtered in The Netherlands

Summary The results obtained between 1981 and 1986 in a Dutch monitoring programme investigating the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep are presented. For the meat, livers and kidneys, the median values were 0.001, 0.003,and 0.007 mg/kg (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.003, 0.054, and 0.098 mg/kg for cadmium; 0.04, 0.85, and 0.36 mg/kg for lead; and 0.001, 0.002, and 0.007 mg/kg for mercury. During the reported period, no clear trends were observed. The results are compared with the data from other countries. The mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the levels of lead in livers are relatively high. The lead concentrations in livers showed seasonal fluctuations, the highest concentrations usually being found during the winter. Significant linear relationships were found between the concentrations in livers and kidneys for arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Tissue trace element levels were not related to the age of the investigated animals.

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Arsen, Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber in Fleisch, Leber und Niere von Schafen in den Niederlanden

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Ergebnisse der Jahre zwischen 1981 und 1986 eines holländischen Überwachungsprogramms über das Vorkommen von Arsen, Cadmium, Blei und Quecksilber in Fleisch, Leber und Niere von Schafen berichtet. Für Fleisch, Leber und Niere lagen die ermittelten Medianwerte für Arsen bei 0,001 bzw. 0,003 und 0,007 mg/kg (bezogen auf Frischgewicht), für Cadmium bei 0,003 bzw. 0,054 und 0,098 mg/kg, für Blei bei 0,04 bzw. 0,85 und 0,36 mg/kg und für Quecksilber bei 0,001 bzw. 0,002 und 0,007 mg/kg. Die Gehalte zeigten keine signifikante Änderung während dieser Periode. Die Gehalte werden verglichen mit Angaben anderer Länder. Die Arsen- und Quecksilbergehalte unserer Untersuchung sind niedrig. Die Bleigehalte in Leber sind relativ hoch, sie zeigten Änderungen abhängig von der Jahreszeit. Die Höchstgehalte wurden gewöhnlich während der Winterzeit gefunden. Die Gehalte von Niere und Leber sind signifikant miteinander korreliert für die Elemente Arsen, Cadmium und Blei. Die Arsen-, Cadmium-, Blei- und Quecksilbergehalte von Fleisch und Organen sind nicht mit dem Alter der Tiere korreliert.

     

Theranostic USPIO‐Loaded Microbubbles for Mediating and Monitoring Blood‐Brain Barrier Permeation

Efficient and safe drug delivery across the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) remains one of the major challenges of biomedical and (nano‐) pharmaceutical research. Here, it is demonstrated that poly(butyl cyanoacrylate)‐based microbubbles (MB), carrying ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles within their shell, can be used to mediate and monitor BBB permeation. Upon exposure to transcranial ultrasound pulses, USPIO‐MB are destroyed, resulting in acoustic forces inducing vessel permeability. At the same time, USPIO are released from the MB shell, they extravasate across the permeabilized BBB and they accumulate in extravascular brain tissue, thereby providing non‐invasive R ₂*‐based magnetic resonance imaging information on the extent of BBB opening. Quantitative changes in R ₂* relaxometry are in good agreement with 2D and 3D microscopy results on the extravascular deposition of the macromolecular model drug fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran into the brain. Such theranostic materials and methods are considered to be useful for mediating and monitoring drug delivery across the BBB and for enabling safe and efficient treatment of CNS disorders.