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1.
By comparing the experimental data of the Sauter-mean-diameter d 32 and the hold up ? with models from literature, there are presented equations for d 32 and ? for the used conical turbine in gas-liquid systems. The necessary adjustment of the proportionality constants of the literature equations will be explained on the basis of fluiddynamical phenomena. It can be established by fluid-dynamical results of a former study carried out with laser-doppler-anemometry. Coalescence phenomena are taken into account in the model using an analogy to bubble columns. The analogy to bubble columns turns out to be suitable. Arguments for the necessity of considering the local fluiddynamics in the modelling of dispersions are presented. 相似文献
2.
A. Mersmann 《化学,工程师,技术》1992,64(7):678-678
3.
Resampling methods for meta-model validation with recommendations for evolutionary computation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meta-modeling has become a crucial tool in solving expensive optimization problems. Much of the work in the past has focused on finding a good regression method to model the fitness function. Examples include classical linear regression, splines, neural networks, Kriging and support vector regression. This paper specifically draws attention to the fact that assessing model accuracy is a crucial aspect in the meta-modeling framework. Resampling strategies such as cross-validation, subsampling, bootstrapping, and nested resampling are prominent methods for model validation and are systematically discussed with respect to possible pitfalls, shortcomings, and specific features. A survey of meta-modeling techniques within evolutionary optimization is provided. In addition, practical examples illustrating some of the pitfalls associated with model selection and performance assessment are presented. Finally, recommendations are given for choosing a model validation technique for a particular setting. 相似文献
4.
Thomas Bürgi Fachri Atamny Axel Knop‐Gericke Michael Hävecker Thomas Schedel‐Niedrig Robert Schlögl Alfons Baiker 《Catalysis Letters》2000,66(3):109-112
The adsorption of ethyl pyruvate on Pt(111) has been studied by in situ XANES measurements in the presence and absence of
hydrogen. Depending on the hydrogen and ethyl pyruvate pressure, the C and O K‐edge spectra exhibit distinctly different angular
dependence. Without hydrogen ethyl pyruvate is oriented preferentially perpendicular to the surface, indicating bonding via
the O lone pairs. In the presence of hydrogen the mean orientation is more tilted towards the surface. Likely, ethyl pyruvate
also interacts with Pt via its π system under these conditions. The observed angle‐dependent shift of the energy of the π*
and σ* resonances indicates the coexistence of differently adsorbed ethyl pyruvate species. The experimental findings demonstrate
the importance of the in situ approach for unraveling the adsorption mode of ethyl pyruvate in the enantioselective hydrogenation
over cinchona‐alkaloid‐modified Pt.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Anna Puig-Molina Lars Pleth Nielsen Alfons M. Molenbroek Konrad Herbst 《Catalysis Letters》2004,92(1-2):29-34
The chemical state of arsenic deposited on a NiMoP/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst exposed to ppb levels of arsenic over several years in a refinery reactor has been studied by in situ EXAFS. In the as-received As-NiMoP catalyst, arsenic is exclusively coordinated to oxygen atoms. Upon sulfiding the sample in 2%H2S/2%H2/96%He, the As atoms become surrounded by approximately two sulfur atoms. No evidence was found for Ni–As bond formation. A possible model for the As local environment is suggested on the basis of combined EXAFS results, STM data and FEFF8.0 simulations (program for ab initio calculations on multiple scattering XAFS and XANES). The FEFF8.0 simulations of the proposed model are in accord with the experimental data measured at the As K edge. In this model, an As atom is located at the edge of a hexagonally truncated Ni-MoS2 slab and is blocking the active NiMoS site. 相似文献
6.
Maria Casapu Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt Marek Maciejewski Meike Wittrock Ulrich Gbel Alfons Baiker 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》2006,63(3-4):232-242
The formation and stability of BaAl2O4 and BaCeO3 in Pt-Ba/Al2O3 and Pt-Ba/CeO2 based NOx storage-reduction (NSR) catalysts has been investigated using kinetic measurements, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In as-prepared state, the Ba-component in the NSR catalysts was made up of amorphous BaO and BaCO3. The formation of BaAl2O4 started above 850 °C, whereas the formation of BaCeO3 was already observed at 800 °C and was faster than that of BaAl2O4. The stability of BaAl2O4 and BaCeO3 in various liquid and gaseous atmospheres was different. BaAl2O4 was rapidly hydrated at room temperature in the presence of water and transformed to Ba(NO3)2 and γ-alumina in the presence of HNO3, whereas BaCeO3 was decomposed to much lower extent under these conditions. Interestingly, BaCeO3 was transformed to Ba(NO3)2/CeO2 in the presence of NO2/H2O at 300–500 °C. Also, the presence of CO2 led to decomposition of barium cerate, which has important consequences for the catalyst ageing under NOx-storage conditions and can be exploited for regeneration of thermally aged NSR-catalysts. 相似文献
7.
8.
Olaf Mersmann Bernd Bischl Heike Trautmann Markus Wagner Jakob Bossek Frank Neumann 《Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence》2013,69(2):151-182
Meta-heuristics are frequently used to tackle NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. With this paper we contribute to the understanding of the success of 2-opt based local search algorithms for solving the traveling salesperson problem (TSP). Although 2-opt is widely used in practice, it is hard to understand its success from a theoretical perspective. We take a statistical approach and examine the features of TSP instances that make the problem either hard or easy to solve. As a measure of problem difficulty for 2-opt we use the approximation ratio that it achieves on a given instance. Our investigations point out important features that make TSP instances hard or easy to be approximated by 2-opt. 相似文献
9.
Dynamic memory allocation has been used for decades. However, it has seldom been used in real-time systems since the worst
case of spatial and temporal requirements for allocation and deallocation operations is either unbounded or bounded but with
a very large bound.
In this paper, a new allocator called TLSF (Two Level Segregated Fit) is presented. TLSF is designed and implemented to accommodate
real-time constraints. The proposed allocator exhibits time-bounded behaviour, O(1), and maintains a very good execution time. This paper describes in detail the data structures and functions provided by
TLSF. We also compare TLSF with a representative set of allocators regarding their temporal cost and fragmentation.
Although the paper is mainly focused on timing analysis, a brief study and comparative analysis of fragmentation incurred
by the allocators has been also included in order to provide a global view of the behaviour of the allocators.
The temporal and spatial results showed that TLSF is also a fast allocator and produces a fragmentation close to that caused
by the best existing allocators.
相似文献
Alfons Crespo (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
Experimental test of a robust formation controller for marine unmanned surface vessels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Daniel Schoerling Chris Van Kleeck Farbod Fahimi Charles Robert Koch Alfons Ams Peter Löber 《Autonomous Robots》2010,28(2):213-230
Experiments with two formation controllers for marine unmanned surface vessels are reported. The formation controllers are
designed using the nonlinear robust model-based sliding mode approach. The marine vehicles can operate in arbitrary formation
configurations by using two leader-follower control schemes. For the design of these controller schemes 3 degrees of freedom
(DOFs) of surge, sway, and yaw are assumed in the planar motion of the marine surface vessels. Each vessel only has two actuators;
therefore, the vessels are underactuated and the lack of a kinematic constraint puts them into the holonomic system category.
In this work, the position of a control point on the vessel is controlled, and the orientation dynamics is not directly controlled.
Therefore, there is a potential for an oscillatory yaw motion to occur. It is shown that the orientation dynamics, as the
internal dynamics of this underactuated system, is stable, i.e., the follower vehicle does not oscillate about its control
point during the formation maneuvers. The proposed formation controller relies only on the state information obtained from
the immediate neighbors of the vessel and the vessel itself. The effectiveness and robustness of formation control laws in
the presence of parameter uncertainty and environmental disturbances are demonstrated by using both simulations and field
experiments. The experiments were performed in a natural environment on a lake using a small test boat, and show robust performance
to parameter uncertainty and disturbance. This paper reports the first experimental verification of the above mentioned approach,
whose unique features are the use of a control point, the zero-dynamic stability analysis, the use of leader-follower method
and a nonlinear robust control approach. 相似文献