Damage Development in Gray Cast Iron under Static Deformation

The authors discuss the results of experimental investigation of structural degradation of gray cast iron at various stages of static tensile deformation. Analysis of the deformation process has revealed that damageability of a material under loading can be assessed by both a special strain parameter and scatter of hardness characteristics or a ratio of the modulus deviation to the current value of the elastic modulus. A correlation between these parameters has been established.     

Membrane treatment of liquid wastes from radiological decontamination operations

The paper focuses on the evaluation of membrane filtration for the treatment of liquid radioactive streams generated in area decontamination operations. In this work, semi-permeable membranes were demonstrated to be effective reducing the volume of wastewater containing cesium and cobalt by two orders of a magnitude. The efficiency of membrane separation was enhanced by employing additives that enlarged the size of target radionuclide species and improved their rejection by the membranes. This was achieved by chelation with synthetic water-soluble polymers and by adsorption on micro particles of adsorbent coupled with micelle formation. The effect of wastewater composition and that of the radionuclide-binding additives on the volume reduction was investigated. Membrane treatment is expected to help simplify further processing and decrease disposal costs.     

Determination of Damage Accumulated in Structural Materials by the Parameters of Scatter of Their Hardness Characteristics

The authors propose a method for estimating degradation of the structural state of materials due to damage accumulation during their operation. The scatter of hardness characteristics determined from the results of mass tests is taken as a damage parameter. The paper presents the findings of experimental studies of the scatter of hardness characteristics of materials after some operation time under cyclic, short- and long-term static loading conditions.     

Sulfoethyl cellulose ethers from flax fiber manufacturing waste

Synthetic conditions have been determined for obtaining sulfoethyl cellulose (SEC) from flax fiber manufacturing waste, namely, short fibers and lignified parts of pedicels (boon). The outcomes of sulfoethylation depend on the synthetic method, the molar ratio of the reactants, and the reaction time. Depending on the synthetic method, the resulting SEC is either insoluble or partially soluble in water. The products synthesized can be used as heavy-metal ion sorbents and as a substitute for carboxymethyl cellulose.     

Advanced treatment of zircaloy cladding high-temperature oxidation in severe accident code calculations: Part I. Experimental database and basic modeling

Progress in the treatment of zirconium oxidation kinetics in different severe accident (SA) codes and convergence towards an agreed data base are required for the reliable verification of sophisticated LWR core degradation models.Focused on the comprehensive experimental studies the available information on the high-temperature oxidation kinetics of zircaloy (Zry) is evaluated. Important discrepancies between results for the high-temperature range are interpreted in terms of different experimental and evaluation procedures. The critical assessment identifies the following items, which require separate consideration in the simplified convention of using fixed reaction rate correlations for the high and low temperature ranges: the co-existence of two oxide phase sub-layers gives rise to a transitional kinetic response in an intermediate temperature range. Towards higher temperatures the validity of the correlations approach (assuming reaction rate control as in a semi-infinite solid-state diffusion system) is restricted further, on the one hand by kinetic control within the gas phase (initial oxidation range), on the other hand by metal matrix consumption (final oxidation range). The analytical treatment of the two last-mentioned concomitant phenomena is given, and the consideration allows to reconcile apparent discrepancies between experimental results. A reasonable base of combined data is thus identified, for a moment with certain uncertainty, which is not suitable for direct application.In Part II, the kinetic base will be further verified and refined by statistical evaluation of complementary experimental data and transferred to the form, allowing implementation in codes. In Part III, the satisfactory application in ICARE2 code calculations of separate-effect and bundle experiments will be presented.     

Apparatus design of a process for extracting zinc out of low-concentration solutions from the manufacture of viscose fibre

Conclusions A two-stage extraction process for regenerating zinc from wash water in the manufacture of viscose fibres has been worked out on a pilot set-up.Two types of extraction equipment have been tested — a vibrating column extractor and a mixing-settling extractor. Figures have been obtained for the efficiency and output of these extractors; these figures are necessary for designing industrial apparatus.The vibrating column extractor is recommended for apparatus design of the extraction stage; the mixing-settling extractor, for the re-extraction stage.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 46–47, March–April, 1987.