Weight loss in frankfurters during thermal processing

A simplified two-term model was developed to predict the weight loss of frankfurters during thermal processing at various process conditions and with various product compositions. The model was validated with the experimental data. The moisture loss rate was found to be proportional to product temperature and inversely proportional to the fat-protein ratio of the product.     

Temporal Coding in Conditioned Inhibition: Analysis of Associative Structure of Inhibition.

Two experiments with rats as subjects were conducted to investigate the associative structure of temporal control of conditioned inhibition through posttraining manipulation of the training excitor-unconditioned stimulus (US) temporal relationship. Experiment 1 found that following simultaneous Pavlovian inhibition training (i.e., A → US/XA-no US) in which a conditioned stimulus (CS A) was established as a delay excitor, maximal inhibition was observed on a summation test when CS X was compounded with a delay transfer CS. Furthermore, posttraining shifts in the A-US temporal relationship from delay to trace resulted in maximal inhibition of a trace transfer CS. Experiment 2 found complementary results to Experiment 1 with an A-US posttraining shift from serial to simultaneous. These results suggest that temporal control of inhibition is mediated by the training excitor-US temporal relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counter-current and co-current gas separation

Recent developments in the production of semipermeable plastic tubing could make gas separation by tube bundles competitive with existing gas separation methods. In order to explore this possibility research was conducted on a variety of tubular gaseous diffusion cells. The results permitted the development of a predictive model for the outputs of tube bundles and the optimum operating conditions.     

Base excision repair processing of radiation-induced clustered DNA lesions.

Energy from low LET ionising radiation, such as X rays and gamma rays, is deposited in the water surrounding the DNA molecule such that between 2 to 5 radical pairs are generated within a radius of I to 4 nm. As a result, multiple single lesions, including oxidised purine or pyrimidine bases, sites of base loss, and single-strand breaks, can be formed in DNA from the same radiation energy deposition event. The single lesions in these so-called multiply damaged sites or clustered lesions are repaired by base excision repair. Here we show that clustered DNA damages are formed in bacterial cells by ionising radiation and are converted to lethal double-strand breaks during attempted repair. In wild type cells possessing the oxidative DNA glycosylases that recognise and cleave DNA at repairable single damages, double-strand breaks are formed at radiation-induced clusters during post-irradiation incubation and in a dose-dependent fashion. Mutant cells lacking these enzymes do not form double-strand breaks post-irradiation and are substantially more radioresistant than wild type cells. These radioresistant mutant cells can be made radiosensitive by overexpressing one of the oxidative DNA glycosylases. Thus the effect of the oxidative DNA glycosylases in potentiating DNA damage must be considered when estimating radiation risk.     

Overshadowing and latent inhibition counteract each other: support for the comparator hypothesis

In 4 conditioned lick suppression experiments with rats, the combined effects of latent inhibition treatment followed by overshadowing treatment were assessed as a test of the comparator hypothesis's (R.R. Miller & L.D. Matzel, 1988) explanations of overshadowing and latent inhibition. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed the prediction of the comparator hypothesis that combined latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments attenuate the response deficit produced by either treatment alone. Furthermore, consistent with the comparator hypothesis, posttraining changes in the associative status of the putative comparator stimulus altered responding to the target conditioned stimulus (Experiment 3), and switching contexts between latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments (Experiment 4) eliminated the interaction between the latent inhibition and overshadowing treatments.     

ATS mechanically despun communications satellite antenna

The antenna system described is one of the experiments on NASAs ATS-III spin stabilized satellite that was launched on November 5, 1967. It was put into synchronous orbit shortly thereafter and has been operating satisfactorily since. Using a line source feed illuminating a parabolic cylindrical reflector, a linearly polarized gain over 17 dB is achieved. The antenna is positioned by means of a vernier type stepping motor-drive system that points the antenna beam towards earth within approximatelypm0.7degree in accordance with instructions received on the satellite from the ground control station. Prior to launch, the antenna system was subjected to extensive qualification testing. Confidence in a desired five-year life in orbit for the motor-drive system was obtained by testing the lubrication system and bearings for 7800 hours at temperatures ranging from-80degF to+120degF at vacuum pressures as low as1 times 10^{-8}torr.     

High-Order Compact Schemes with Filters on Multi-block Domains

This paper presents the results of using high-order compact schemes with a high-order filter on multi-block domains. The Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) are solved on a uniform mesh for benchmark problems in one and two dimensions. Also a two dimensional mixing layer is solved by using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). Three different boundary schemes are compared. The results compare well with the exact solutions and single-block domain results. The effect of the number of points of overlap among the subdomains is investigated. Having four points of overlap is chosen as a compromise between accuracy and efficiency.     

Posttraining shifts in the overshadowing stimulus–unconditioned stimulus interval alleviates the overshadowing deficit.

Two conditioned lick suppression experiments explored the effects on overshadowing of a posttraining change in the temporal relationship between the overshadowing conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). Rats received either trace (Experiment 1) or delay (Experiment 2) overshadowing training. Then pairings of the overshadowing CS and US were given with either a trace or delay temporal relationship. Overshadowing was alleviated by shifting the overshadowing CS–US temporal relationship so that it no longer matched the overshadowed CS–US temporal relationship. These outcomes are explicable in terms of an integration of the comparator hypothesis, which states that cue competition effects (e.g., overshadowing) will be maximal when the information potentially conveyed by competing CSs is equivalent, and the temporal coding hypothesis, which states that CS–US intervals are part of the information encoded during conditioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conditioned inhibition produced by extinction-mediated recovery from the relative stimulus validity effect: A test of acquisition and performance models of empirical retrospective revaluation.

Empirical retrospective revaluation is a phenomenon of Pavlovian conditioning and human causal judgment in which posttraining changes in the conditioned response (Pavlovian task) or causal rating (causal judgment task) of a cue occurs in the absence of further training with that cue. Two experiments tested the contrasting predictions made by 2 families of models concerning retrospective revaluation effects. In a conditioned lick-suppression task, rats were given relative stimulus validity training, consisting of reinforcing a compound of conditioned stimuli (CSs) A and X and nonreinforcement of a compound of CSs B and X, which resulted in low conditioned responding to CS X. Massive posttraining extinction of CS A not only enhanced excitatory responding to CS X, but caused CS B to pass both summation (Experiment 1) and retardation (Experiment 2) tests for conditioned inhibition. The inhibitory status of CS B is predicted by the performance-focused extended comparator hypothesis (J. C. Denniston, H. I. Savastano, & R. R. Miller, 2001), but not by acquisition-focused models of empirical retrospective revaluation (e.g., A. Dickinson & J. Burke, 1996; L. J. Van Hamme & E. A. Wasserman, 1994). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sensory Preconditioning in Spatial Learning Using a Touch Screen Task in Pigeons.

The authors used a touch screen-based visual-search task to investigate spatial integration in pigeons. First, pigeons were presented with a consistent spatial relationship between compound visual landmarks (LMs) A-X and B-Y, separately. Next, pigeons learned to find a hidden goal on the monitor in the presence of LMs A and B. The goal bore a consistent spatial relationship to LM A, but not to LM B. On nonreinforced probe tests, the peak and distribution of responses to LM X suggest that pigeons computed a novel X-goal spatial relationship on the basis of X-A and A-goal spatial vectors. Responses to LM Y, however, revealed no evidence of spatial integration. These results replicate and extend those of A. P. Blaisdell and R. G. Cook (2005) using an open-field task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)