Effects of cuing on recall from categorized word lists.

Explored the retrieval-deficit hypothesis by comparing free-recall under cued and noncued conditions in 2 groups of 36 5- and 8-yr-olds. On a 16-word list containing either 2, 4, or 8 categories, Ss received 2 trials of noncued recall. The 2nd trial was immediately followed by a test for cued recall. A comparison between cued recall performance and noncued recall performance on Trial 2 indicates that the younger children benefited more than the older children from the cuing procedure. For both age groups, there were effects of cuing on both the number of categories recalled and the number of items per category recalled. Clustering was observed at both age-levels but appeared unrelated to recall performance. Some of the results are discussed in connection with a retrieval deficit hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cortical inhibition, figural aftereffect, and theory of personality.

"An attempt has been made in this paper to work out a dynamic theory to account for a number of experimental findings in the field of personality related to the concept of extraversion-introversion. Following Pavlov and Hull, a theory of cortical inhibition was developed to account for observed differences in behavior and a deduction from this principle was made by extending it to the perceptual field. It was predicted that hysterics (as a prototype of the extraverted personality type) would be differentiated from dysthymics (as a prototype of the introverted personality type) in the speed of arousal, strength, and length of persistence of figural aftereffects." Experimental results presented are in accord with the predictions. 46 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.

Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and experimental psychology: The unification of psychology and the possibility of a paradigm.

It is suggested that the scientific status of psychology is put in danger by the lack of paradigms in many of its fields, and by the failure to achieve unification, psychology is breaking up into many different disciplines. One important cause was suggested by Lee Cronbach in his 1957 presidential address to the American Psychological Association: the continuing failure of the two scientific disciplines of psychology—the experimental and the correlational—to come together and mutually support each other. Personality study in particular has suffered from this disunity, and the debates about the number of major dimensions of personality. Examples are given to show that by combining methods and theories typical of these two disciplines, one can be put forward paradigms that would be impossible without such unification. Such a paradigm is suggested for personality and intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpretive biases for one's own behavior and physiology in high-trait-anxious individuals and repressors.

The experiments reported here were designed to test predictions from a cognitive theory of personality proposed by M. W. Eysenck (1997). According to that theory, many of the observed differences between individuals high in trait anxiety and repressors (individuals low in trait anxiety and high in social desirability) depend on underlying individual differences in cognitive biases. It follows from the theory that high-anxious individuals should have an interpretive bias for their own behavior in social situations, that is, they exaggerate how anxious it is. In contrast, repressors should have an opposite interpretive bias for their own behavior, that is, they underestimate how anxious it is. Evidence consistent with these predictions was obtained in Experiments 1 and 2. Implications of these findings for cognitive theories of personality are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The continuity of abnormal and normal behavior.

"Pearson and Kley (see 33: 1700) criticize the writer for basing his belief in the continuity of normal and abnormal states on the invalid consideration that test scores tended to be continuous between the groups. In answer, the writer has pointed out that he himself had discussed the lack of validity of this procedure in detail and had advocated a different method, namely, that of criterion analysis, specifically designed by him to deal with problems of this kind." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reminiscence, drive, and personality theory.

The hypothesis that reminiscence on the pursuit rotor following massed practice should be greater for extraverts than for introverts was tested. The relationship between reminiscence and neuroticism was also investigated. Ss were 50 students, the measure of reminiscence was pursuit-rotor learning, and the personality measures were derived from the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The hypothesis was confirmed, and reminiscence was also found to be significantly greater for Ss high in neuroticism. 34 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The psychology of politics: a reply.

Eysenck's tough-mindedness-tender-mindedness hypothesis is arbitrarily and invalidly criticized by Rokeach and Hanley (see 31: 2846). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY: A REPLY.

A brief restatement of the author's main points which he attempted to put forth in his paper "The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation" (see 27: 5921), are presented in the hope of correcting Dr. Rosenzweig's "erroneous impression." "Calumet" by Saul Rosenzweig, p. 148. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)